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pope himself, by the hand of his notary, Petrus Callivacinus, ordered a collection of all the decretals promulgated down to the twelfth year of his rule, and addressed this so-called Compilatio tertia (1210) to the University of Bologna. Shortly after Innocent's death the briefs and bulls of the last six years of his pontificate were also published as the Compilatio quarta. Occupied as he was with ecclesiastical disputations and law matters, Innocent found leisure to pursue his literary activity. He expounded the seven penitential Psalms. To neutralize the distracting influence of legal affairs, he preached frequently, not only in Rome, but also on his journeys. His sermons were collected in part by himself, and a goodly array of them has been preserved. They are pompous and florid, but witness the depth of his religious feeling and a true humility before God. He died at Perugia July 16, 1216. His convictions and acts are not to be ascribed to a proud and selfish heart or to the unscrupulousness of a politic, self-seeking priest. When he threatened, banned, and absolved, he sought not his own honor, but the honor of him whose representative on earth he believed himself to be. If there is to be a pope at all, he was the model and ideal. Carl Mirbt.
Bibliography: Sources are to be found in the Letters, Writings and Sermons of Innocent, printed in MPL. ccxiv.— ccxvii. ; L. Delisle, Lettres inedites d'Innocent III., in Bibliotheque de I'ecole des chartres, xxxiv (1S73), 397-419; idem, Les Registres d'Innocent III., ib. xlvi (1885), 84-94; E. Berger, Les Registres d'Innocent III., Paris, 1884, Documents in the original or in transl. are in Reich, Documents, pp. 178-187; Thatcher and McNeal, Documents, pp. 208-226; Henderson, Documents, pp. 337-344, 430-432; Gee and Hardy, Documents, pp. 73-78; cf. Robinson, European History, i. 338 sqq. Innocent's bull of Mar. 3, 1216, is in Eng. transl., Warrington, 1886, Consult: F. Hurter, Geschichte Innocenz III., 4 vols., Hamburg, 1836-42 (the best life); C. H. C. Pirie-Gordon, Innocent the Great, his Life and Times, London and New York, 1907; L. Delisle, Memoire sur les actes d'Innocent III., Paris, 1857; F. von Raumer, Geschichte der Hohenstaufen, vols, ii.-iii., Leipsic, 1871; W. Molitor, Die Dekretale " Per venerabilem " von Innocenz III., Munich, 1876; F. Deutsch, Papst Innocenz III. und sein Einfluss auf die Kirche, Breslau, 1877; C. Kohler, Das Verhdltnis Kaiser Friedrichs II. zu den P&psten seiner Zeit, Breslau, 1888; E. Winkelmann, Philipp von Schwaben und Otto IV. von Braunschweig, i, 93 sqq., and vol. ii., Leipsic, 1873-78, idem, Kaiser Friedrich II., ib. 1889; F. Rocquain, La Papaute au moyen dge, Paris, 1881, R. Schwemer, Innocenz III. und die deutsche Kirche . 1198- 1208, Strasburg, 1882; J. N. Brischar, Papst Innocenz III. und seine Zeit, Freiburg, 1883; J. Langen, Geschichte der romischen Kirche, iv. 600-713, Bonn, 1893; F. Gregorovius, Hist, of the City of Rome, v. 5-113, 609, 631, London, 1897; R. Rohricht, Geschichte des Kbnigreichs Jerusalem (1100-1291), pp. 682 sqq., Innsbruck, 1898; C. Mirbt, Quellen zur Geschichte des Papsttums, pp. 125-136. Tubingen, 1901; J. Bryce, The Holy Roman Empire, pp. 206-207 et passim, New York, 1904; A. Luchaire, Innocent III., 6 vols., Paris, 1902-07; W. S. McKechnie, Magna Charta, New York, 1905; Bower, Popes, ii. 535-549; Schaff, Christian Church, v. 1. chap, v.; Milman, Latin Christianity, vols iv.-v.; Neander, Christian Church, iv., 173- 178 et passim; Ceillier, Auteurs sacres, xiv. 946-1018 et passim; Hefele, Conciliengeschichte, v. 771 sqq.; Harnack, Dogma, vol. vi. passim; Hauck, KD, iv. 683 sqq., and much of the literature given under Crusades will be found pertinent, especially E. Pears, The Fall of Constantinople, New York, 1886.
Innocent IV. (Sinibaldo de' Fieschi): Pope 1243- 1254. Descended from the counts of Lavagna, and born at Genoa, he was brought up at Parma under
the care of his uncle Obizzo, bishop of that see, was ordained there, and became a canon of the cathedral. He studied law at Bologna, Earlier laying the foundation of the reputa- Life and tion which he afterward won as pope Writings, in that branch of learning. His first entrance into political life was apparently in 1218-19, when, together with Cardinal Ugolino, the later Pope Gregory IX., he made peace between Genoa and Pisa. In 1223 he received a benefice at Parma from Honorius III. and in 1226 an official position at Rome, in 1227 was made a cardinal, and from 1235 to 1240 he was papal governor of the March of Ancona. On June 25, 1243 after an interregnum of a year and a half, he was elected pope at Anagni, and consecrated on June 28. Amidst all the political storms of his pontificate he found time for literary work. His small treatise, De exceptionibus, was probably written earlier; but he wrote at Lyons, immediately after the council (1245), the Apparatus in quinque libros decretalium, marked by remarkable precision, perfect command of his materials, and strong, practical insight. His Apologeticus has unfortunately been lost; it was a defense of the rights of the papacy against the empire. In other ways Innocent promoted learning; he induced Alexander of Hales to write his Summa universce theologiw, and encouraged the universities, especially the Sorbonne, besides erecting new schools of jurisprudence at Rome and Piacenza. Innocent's relations with Frederick II. and Conrad IV. need more detailed description. Frederick wrote to the princes three days after Innocent his election, expressing the fullest conand Fred- fidence in the result of the election, erick II. and a month later sent the leading The First magnates of the empire to Anagni to Council open negotiations for peace. But in of Lyons, spite of Innocent's professed willingness to submit the whole controversy with the emperor to a general council and to remove the excommunication (see Gregory IX.) in case it was found unjust, Frederick could not agree to unconditional restitution of all Church property and the restoration to favor of the Lombards, whom he regarded as rebels. Even while the negotiations were in progress, Innocent made Cardinal Capoccio, Frederick's bitterest opponent, bishop of Viterbo, and through him won over this town to the papal side, supporting it against Frederick's attacks with large sums of money. Through the mediation of Count Raymond of Toulouse and Baldwin, emperor of Constantinople, terms of peace were arranged on Mar. 31, 1244, by which Frederick, submitting to the pope's demands, was to be relieved of his excommunication. But before the end of April the strife had broken out again on the Lombard question. Frederick sought a personal interview, but Innocent withdrew secretly to Civita Vecchia, where a Genoese fleet was waiting for him, and arrived in Genoa July 7. He was looking for a safe place in which to assemble a council and pronounce judgment on the emperor. Such a place was Lyons, no longer under the empire, and not yet a part of the French kingdom, on the boundary line between the Latin and Teutonic races. Hither Innocent