THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
after his deposition by the council, and his ideas are plainly visible in the league formed by them in November, 1246. Innocent's blind hatred of Frederick brought about the failure of the crusade undertaken by Louis in 1248, and he was openly named as the cause of it by the king's brothers, the counts of Anjou and Poitou, who threatened to expel him from Lyons if he did not make terms with Frederick. The relations between France and the Curia became, however, more friendly when Charles of Anjou was spoken of for the Sicilian crown. England was also considered by Innocent as an abundant source of supplies for his war with the empire, and his legate, Martin, appeared there with unprecedentedly ample powers, to collect ten thousand marks. When Frederick counseled the
England, king to free himself from the illegal tribute the legate was told to go, and the king established the fact that the Curia had been taking annually sixty thousand marks out of England — more than his own revenue. Supported by the Synod of Winchester (Dec, 1245), Henry refused payment; but under the threat of an interdict the prelates weakened.
Innocent's conduct in regard to the affairs of Portugal resembles more the high moral tone taken by the third of his name. King Sancho II. refusing to abandon his dissolute life, the pope absolved his subjects from their allegiance, and transferred the crown to his brother, Alfonso.
(Hajvs Schulz.)
Bibliography: The sources are exceedingly scattered; perhaps the best index to them is found in Hauck-Herzog, RE, ix. 122-124. Among the sources may be named: Die Regesten Innucenz IV., published by the Literarischer Verein, Stuttgart, 1843 sqq.; S. Berger, Les Registres d 'Innocent IV., Paris, 1881 sqq.; W. H. Bliss, Calendar of Entries in the Papal Registers, i. 198-308, London, 1893; Thatcher and McNeal, Source Book, p. 508; and the early Vita, one by Nicolao de Curbio, in Muratori, Scriptores, ii. 1, pp. 589 sqq., cf. vi. 504-521, viii. 494-495, 680-681, 786-787, 964—965, etc. For later discussions consult: A. von Reumont, Geschichte der Stadt Rom, ii. 530-531, Berlin, 1868; F. Schirrmacher, Die Ictzten Hohenstaufen, Gottingen, 1871; B. Jungmann, Dissertationes selectw, v. 418 sqq., Regensburg, 1885; C. Kohler, Das Verhaltnis Kaiser Friedrich II. zu den Pdpsten seiner Zeit, Breslau, 1888; P. Fournier, Le Royawme d'Arles de Vienne, Paris, 1891; C. Rodenberg, Innocenz IV. und das Konigreich Sicilien, Halle, 1892; E. Berger, S. Louis et Innocent IV., Paris, 1893; F. Gregorovius, Hist, of the City of Rome, v. 229-307, 612, London, 1897; St. Pathus, Vie de S. Louis, ed. F. Delaborde, Paris, 1899; H. Weber, Der Kampf zvyischen Innocenz IV und Kaiser Friedrich II., Berlin, 1900; W. R. W. Stephens, The English Church (1066-1272), pp. 238-240, London, 1901; J. Bryce, The Holy Roman Empire, pp. 209-210, 268, 424, New York, 1904; A. Folz, Kaiser Friedrich II. und Papst Innocenz IV., Strasburg, 1905; Neander, Christian Church, iv. 49-51 et passim; Moeller, Christian Church, ii. 279, 283 sqq., 302; Hefele, Conciliengeschichte, v. 1089, 1105-1156, vi. 1-10; ADB, vii. 445, xvi. 562; KL, vi. 736-737; Bower, Popes, ii. 560- 567; Milman, Latin Christianity, v. 459 sqq.
Innocent V. (Pierre de Champagni, or de Tarentaise): Pope 1276. He was bom about 1225 of a noble family in the ecclesiastical province of Tarentaise, on the upper Isere, entered the Dominican order at sixteen, and won the fame of a scholar. He taught theology in the University of Paris, and assisted Albertus Magnus and Thomas Aquinas to draw up the rule of studies for their order. In 1262 he became provincial for France, but when Thomas
Aquinas was called to Italy, resumed his lectures at the Sorbonne (1267-69). By Gregory X. he was made grand penitentiary, in 1272 archbishop of Lyons, and in 1273 cardinal-bishop of Ostia and Velletri, though he retained the see of Lyons until Apr., 1274. He was a prominent figure at the Council of Lyons in the latter year. In Apr., 1275, he left Lyons with the pope to take part in the negotiations with Rudolf of Hapsburg at Lausanne. On the death of Gregory X., he was elected pope at Arezzo, Jan. 21, 1276, and continued his predecessor's policy, directed toward the unattainable ideal of a general peace in Europe, as a prerequisite for a great crusade which was to draw upon the entire forces of Christendom. He attempted to mediate between the quarrelsome Italian states and between Charles of Anjou and Rudolf of Hapsburg. He approved Charles' appointment as a senator of Rome and imperial vicar for Tuscany, and advised Rudolf to postpone the journey to Rome, which Gregory had urged, until he should have completely regularized his relations with both the Curia and Charles, and especially recalled his officials from Romagna. In order to enlist the forces of the Eastern Empire in his crusade, he continued Gregory's attempts at bringing about a union with the Greek Church. Charles of Anjou and Venice had designs on Constantinople which were by no means in harmony with Innocent's pacific policy, and the Emperor Michael Palseologus sought a close alliance with him. He required that Michael should swear to the terms of union agreed upon at Lyons; but he died in Rome before his envoys had left Italy, June 22, 1276. His writings embraced theology, philosophy, and canon law. The most famous of them were his commentaries on the Pauline epistles, often published (editio princeps Cologne, 1478) under the name of Nicolaus Gorranus, and on the " Sentences " of Peter Lombard. A complete edition of his works was published at Toulouse from a manuscript in the Dominican house there in 1651.
(Hans Schulz.)
Bibliography: Liber pontiflcalis, ed. L. Duchesne, ii. 457, Paris, 1892; A. Potthast, Regesta pontiflcum Romanorum, ii. 1703-1708, Berlin, 1875. Other minute and scattered sources are indicated in Hauck-Herzog, RE, ix. 130-131. Consult: F. J. Bethaz, Le Pape Innocent V., est-il Francais ou Italien, Paris, 1883; idem, Pierre des Cours de la Salle, Aoste, Innocent V ., ib. 1892; J. E. Borrel, Patrie
du pape Innocent V., 3 parts, ib. 1890-94; L. Carboni, Dissertatio historica de Innocentio V., Rome, 1894; Vie du bienheureux Innocent V '., Rome, 1896 (contains many original documents); Pere Bourgeois, Le bienheureux Innocent V., Paris, 1899; Bower, Popes, iii. 23-24; Milman, Latin Christianity, vi. 134; KL, vi. 743-744.
Innocent VI. (Etienne Aubert): Pope 1352-62. He was born in the village of Mons, in the diocese of Limoges, and began his public career as professor of civil law at Toulouse, where he rose to hold the highest judicial functions. Later he took holy orders, and became bishop of Noyon, which see he exchanged in 1340 for that of Clermont. In 1342 Clement VI. made him a cardinal-priest, and ten years later cardinal-bishop of Ostia and grand penitentiary. After Clement's death the cardinals entered into an agreement, the observance of which was to be binding upon the new pope when chosen. Its most important provisions were that the pope