RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Innocent IV VII
was not to alienate or grant feudal investiture of any Church lands without the consent of two-thirds of the cardinals; he was not to depose, imprison, suspend, or excommunicate any cardinal without the approval of the college; he was to divide the revenues of the Church equally between himself and the college, which had previously received only half of such revenues as came under the technical designation of census. This agreement all the cardinals subscribed, some of them with the reservation " in so far as it was lawful." Among these was the bishop of Ostia, who was selected pope on Dec. 18, 1352, and not long after his coronation he declared the instrument null and void, as limiting the divinely granted powers of the papacy.
Deeply versed in canon law, and severe in morals, Innocent at once set about correcting abuses, revoking many of his predecessor's grants of benefices, reservations, commendams, and expectations, declaring himself against pluralities, and enforcing the obligation of residence on the higher clergy. He diminished the pomp of the papal court, and assigned a fixed and sufficient income to the judges of the Rota in order to ensure a better administration of justice. Another of his principal aims was the recovery of the domains of the Church. In 1353 he sent Cardinal Albornoz to Italy, who soon brought Rome into subjection, and carried on the reduction of the Papal States with great skill, until his return to Avignon in 1357; two years later the incompetence of his successor, Abbot Adroin of Cluny, caused him to be sent back, and in the next few years he had a hard struggle with Bernabo Visconti of Milan for the possession of Bologna.
Innocent's relations with the empire were peaceable. He opposed no hindrances to the visit of Charles IV to Rome, where he was crowned on Apr. 5, 1355, by the bishop of Ostia, after taking an oath never to interfere in Rome or any other papal domains, to leave the city on the day of his coronation, and not to return without the pope's leave. In his succeeding years, Charles adopted a more independent position, but open conflict was avoided. In 1359, in order especially to provide funds for the Italian campaigns of Albornoz, the Curia imposed a tax of a tenth for Germany. When the papal legate attempted to enforce this demand at the diet in Mainz, Charles insisted that the pope reform the German clergy before he exact money from the country; and measures to this end were soon after adopted by Innocent. He refused, indeed, to revoke the bulls which Clement V. had issued against Charles's grandfather, Henry VII., but he gratified Charles by appointing his trusted counselor, Dietrich of Minden, to the archbishopric of Magdeburg and thus assisting the ambitions of the house of Luxemburg in the direction of the acquisition of Brandenburg.
His relations with France were friendly, and he sought to mediate between that country and England, especially just before the battle of Maupertuis in 1356, when King John, confident of success, rejected his intervention, and was carried captive to London by the Black Prince. The peace of Bretigny in 1360 was, however, due to his efforts. He put forth all his powers with unsatisfactory
results against Peter I., the Cruel, of Castile, to force him to put away his mistress and take back his lawful wife, Blanche of Bourbon. Equally unsuccessful were Innocent's efforts to bring about peace between this king and Peter IV of Aragon. In his last years he was occupied with plans for a crusade and for a reunion with the Eastern Church, but died in the midst of his negotiations with the Emperor John Palaeologus, Sept. 12, 1362.
(Max Naumann.)
Bibliography: For a list of sources nonsuit Hauck-Herzog, RE, ix. 132-133. The most important sources are: Liber pontificalia, ed. L. Duchesne, ii. 492, Paris, 1892; Bullarium Romanorum, iv. 502-519, Turin, 1859; A. Theiner Codex diplomaticus, ii. 241-293, Rome, 1862; E. Martene and U. Durand, Thesaurus novus anecdotorum, ii. 843-1072, Paris, 1717; L. Wadding, Annates Minorum, viii. 431-486, Home, 1773; Lettres du pape Innocent VI. et Blanche de Bourbon, Paris, 1901. Early Vitce are collected in E. Baluze, Vitce paparum Avenionensium, i. 321-362, 918-974; 1433-1435, Paris, 1693. Consult: J. B. Christophe, Hist, de la papaute pendant le xiv. siecle, ii. 222-352, Paris, 1853; D. Cerri, Innocenzo papa VI., Turin, 1873; E. Werunsky, Italienische Politik Papst Innocenz VI. und Kimig Karl IV., Vienna, 1878; idem, Geschichte Kaiser Karls IV., vols, ii.-iii., Innsbruck, 1886-92; G. Daumet, in Melanges d'archeologie el d'histoire, xvii (1897), 153 sqq.; idem, Innocent IV et Blanche de Bourbon: lettres du pape, Paris, 1 899; J. Bryce, The Holy Roman Empire, p. 299, New York, 1904; Pastor, Popes, i. 93-95; Creighton, Papacy, i. 54- 55; KL, vi. 744; Hefele, Conciliengeschichte, vi. 697-708, Bower, Popes, iii. 104-109; Milman, Latin Christianity, vii. 200-207.
Innocent VII. (Cosimo de' Migliorati) : Pope 1404-06. He was born at Sulmona in the Abruzzi, and came to the Curia under Urban VI., who made him archbishop of Ravenna and bishop of Bologna, and employed him on delicate missions. Boniface IX. appointed him cardinal in 1389. His upright and ascetic life, his deep knowledge of canon law, and his general ability for affairs led to his choice as Boniface's successor on Oct. 17, 1404. In his election compact he had subscribed the obligation to do all in his power to heal the great Western schism (see Schism), and in furtherance of this he called a general council to meet in Rome in 1405. That the gathering did not take place was not the pope's fault; the Romans rose in rebellion and forced Innocent and his cardinals to flee to Viterbo. Ladislaus, king of Naples, who encouraged the antipapal party in Rome, was put under the ban. When the University of Paris and the French king proposed that both Innocent and his rival at Avignon, Benedict XIII., should abdicate, the former resisted and declined to send envoys for preliminary conferences with delegates of Benedict. Meantime he had succeeded in returning to Rome in 1406; but in the same year he died (Nov. 6), without having accomplished anything toward the restoration of unity. K. Benrath.
Bibliography: Early Vita; are in Muratori, Scriptores, iii. 2, pp. 832-835, and further pertinent matter is found in the same work, ii. 2, pp. 1116-1117, xix. 909-910, xxiv. 968-969. Consult: J. B. Christophe, Hist, de la papaute pendant le xiv. siecle, vol. iii., Paris, 1853; A. von Reumont, Geschichte der Stadt Rom, ii. 1110 sqq., Berlin, 1867; L. Gayet, Le Grand Schisme d' Occident 2 vols., Paris, 1889-90; C. Valois, La France et le grand schisme d'occident, 4 vols., ib. 1896-1902; Creighton, Papacy, i. 184-197; Pastor, Popes, i. 165-166; Hefele, Conciliengeschichte, vi. 748 sqq.; Bower, Popes, iii. 153-156; Milman, Latin Christianity, vii. 292-296; KL, vi. 747-748.
Innocent VIII-XI