THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
i (1898), 141; Cassiodorus, Variae, ed. Mommsen, in MGH, Auct. Ant., xii (1894), 279 sqq., 331-332, and pp. xxix.xxx.; T. Hodgkin, Italy and Her Invaders, iv. 87 sqq., Oxford, 1885; J. Langen, Geschichte der romischen Kirche, ii. 313-324, Bonn, 1885; F. Gregorovius, Hist, of the City of Rome, ii. 194-196, London, 1894; H. Grisar, Geschichte Roms und der Papste, i. 497-498, Freiburg, 1898; Bower, Popes, i. 333-336; Milman, Latin Christianity, i. 458; B. Platina, Lives of the Popes, i. 124-125, London, n.d.
John III.: Pope 561-574. He was the son of Anastasius, a prominent Roman, and was elected after a long interregnum July 17, 561. He succeeded in bringing about the return to the Roman obedience of the revolting provinces of Italy. Ravenna submitted Sept. 15, 568, and in 571 Archbishop Laurence II. of Milan entered into negotiations with Rome. His influence was also felt in the Frankish kingdom in the restoration of the deposed bishops of Embrun and Gap, who had appealed to him. (H. Boehmer.) Bibliography: Liber pontiflcalis, ed. Duchesne, i. 305-306, Paris, 1886, ed. Mommsen, in MGH, Gest. pont. Rom., i (1898), 157-158; Jaffe\ Regesta, i. 136-137; J. Langen, Geschichte der romischen Kirche, ii. 401-403, Bonn, 1885; T. Hodgkin, Italy and her Invaders, v. 65, Oxford, 1895; DCB, iii. 891; Bower, Popes, i. 374-380; Milman, Latin Christianity, i. 475; B. Platina, Lives of the Popes, i. 132- 134, London, n.d.
John IV. : Pope 640-642. The son of Venantius, a Dalmatian teacher, he was elected Aug. 2, 640, and consecrated September 22. Soon after he held a synod at which he condemned Monothelitism; and when Pyrrhus, patriarch of Constantinople, defended this heresy by appealing to the decisions of Honorius, John addressed a strong letter to the sons of the Emperor Heraclius in which he asserted the complete orthodoxy of Honorius and demanded the condemnation of Pyrrhus' teaching. He died Oct. 12, 642. (H. Boehmer.)
Bibliography: Liber pontiflcalis, ed. Duchesne, i. 330, Paris, 1886, ed. Mommsen, in MGH, Gest. pont Rom i (1898), 177; Jaffe\ Regesta, i. 227-228; J. Langen, Geschichte der romischen Kirche, ii. 517-520, Bonn, 1885; R. Baxmann, Die Politik der Papste, i. 171 sqq., Elberfeld! 1868; T. Hodgkin, Italy and her Invaders, vi. 18, 172 Oxford, 1895; Mann, Popes, i. 351, 354, 367; Bower! Popes, i. 438-441; Milman, Latin Christianity, ii. 272; B. Platina, Lives of the Popes, i. 150-152, London n d ' DCB, iii. 391-392.
John V.: Pope 685-686. He was a Syrian by birth, who, in accordance with the constitution of Constantine VI., was consecrated immediately after his election (July 23, 685) without waiting for imperial confirmation. His only known official act was the bringing of the Sardinian church once more into subjection to Rome. He died Aug. 2, 686.
(H. Boehmer.)
Bibliography: Liber pontiflcalis, ed. Duchesne, i. 366-367, Pans, 1886, ed. Mommsen, in MGH, Gest. pont Rom i (1898), 205-206; Jaffe\ Regesta, i. 242; Mann, Popes "i 2, pp. 64-67; Bower, Popes, i. 489-490; Milman, Latin Christianity, ii. 287; B. Platina, Lives of the Popes, i 166- 167, London, n.d.; DCB, iii. 392.
John VI.: Pope 701-705. A Greek by birth, he was consecrated October 30. The Emperor Apsimar- Tiberius, disapproving his election, sent the exarch Theophylact to Rome to procure his deposition; but the military force of all Italy is said to have assembled around Rome in his defense. He was in greater danger from the Lombard Duke Gisulf of
Benevento, but by means of gifts warded off this attack also. He died Jan. 11, 705.
(H. Boehmer.)
Bibliography: Liber pontiflcalis, ed. Duchesne, i. 383 Paris, 1886, ed. Mommsen, in MGH, Gest. pont. Rom i (1898), 217-218; Jaffe\ Regesta, i. 242; Manii, Popes i. 2, pp. 105-108; Bower, Popes, ii. 9-12; B. Platina! Lives of the Popes, i. 172-173, London, n.d • DCB iii 392-393. ' '
John VII. : Pope 705-707 He was a Greek, renowned, according to the Liber pontificalis, for his eloquence, education, and taste for art. He showed little firmness in his dealings with Justinian II. in regard to the confirmation of the Quinisext Council. He maintained friendly relations with the Lombards. (H. Boehmer.) Bibliography: Liber pontiflcalis, ed. Duchesne, i. 384, Paris, 1896, ed. Mommsen, in MGH, Gest. pont. Rom., i (1898)' 219-220; Jaffe\ Regesta, i. 246-247; Mann, Popes, i. 2, pp. 109-123: J. Langen, Geschichte der romischen Kirche, ii. 595-596, Bonn, 1885; F. Gregorovius, Hist, of the City of Rome, ii. 194-196, London, 1894; Bower, Popes, ii. 12-13; B. Platina, Lives of the Popes, i. 173-175 London n.d.; DCB, iii. 393.
John VIII.: Pope 872-882. He was a Roman by birth. On being elected pope Dec. 14, 872, he took up with alacrity the task of ruling in the spirit of Nicholas I. He had many qualities necessary for success, including a genius for financial and military organization and for promptly turning to advantage each change in the political situation. His whole force was devoted to two purely political aims, the liberation of Italy from the Saracens and its subjection, together with that of the empire, to the over-lordship of the papacy. The first, a necessary preliminary to the second, he pursued in alliance with the Emperor Louis II., but on his own account he built a fleet, organized a standing militia and completed the fortification of Rome. The greatest obstacle to the success of his plans was the impossibility of detaching the princes of Palermo, Naples, and Capua, and the maritime power of Amain, from their alliance with the Saracens, to whom he was himself forced toward the end of his reign to pay a yearly tribute . His natural unfriendliness to the Germans and the Carolingian dynasty showed itself on the death of Louis (Oct. 12, 875), when he invited not Louis the German but Charles the Bald to Rome to receive the imperial crown, which he placed on his head at Christmas. When Charles the Bald died in the next year, John had to reckon with the claims to the empire of his nephew Carloman, whose adherents appeared in Rome in the spring of 878, imprisoned John, and took an oath of the leading citizens to support Carloman as emperor. As soon as the pope was released, he went by sea to France and held a council at Troyes, where he crowned Louis the Stammerer (Sept. 7, 878); but as Louis showed little inclination to be mixed up in the Italian troubles, John had another candidate, Count Boso of Provence, who followed him back to Italy and was to have been crowned king in Rome. The plan failed because the German Carolingians had gained too much ground in northern Italy. In August, 879, John was forced to acknowledge Charles the Fat at Ravenna as king of Italy, and some time before Feb. 9, 881, to crown him as emperor, and