THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
of perjury, murder, sacrilege, and incest, deposed him, and elected the protoscriniarius Leo, who was then only a layman, in his place. After the emperor had left Rome, John's friends rose and expelled Leo. John returned to the Lateran, and held a council of his own (Feb. 26) at which he annulled the acts of the previous one and declared Leo deposed. Stern vengeance was taken upon the reforming leaders, but before Otto could return John was struck down either by a stroke of apoplexy or by an injured husband, and died May 14, 964. (H. Boehmer.)
Bibliography: The Epistolae et privilegia are in MPL, cxxxiii. Sources are: Liudprand, De rebus gestis Ottonis, ed. E. Dummler, pp. 124-136, Hanover, 1877; Liber pontiflcalis, ed. Duchesne, ii. 246 sqq., Paris, 1892. Consult further: Jaffe\ Regesta, i. 463-467; J. M. Watterich, Romanorum pontificum vitae, i. 41-63; F. Gregorovius, Hist, of the City of Rome, iii. 328-351, London, 1895; B. Jungmann, Dissertationes selectae, iv. 449 sqq., Regensburg, 1884; Hauck, KD, ii. 222-236; Bower, Popes, ii. 315-319; Milman, Latin Christianity, iii. 175-184; B. Platina, Lives of the Popes, i. 252-254, London, n.d.
John XIII.: Pope 965-972. Formerly bishop of Narni, and apparently a son of the younger Theodora, he was elected under the influence of Otto I. and consecrated Oct. 1. In December the citizens rose and imprisoned him. He escaped, but was unable to reenter Rome except with the help of the emperor, to whom he remained in absolute subjection. This relation, however, increased his consideration in the West, and from countries as distant as Spain, England, and Scotland questions were referred to him for decision. He died Sept. 6, 972. (H. Boehmer.)
Bibliography: The Epistolae et privilegia are in MPL, exxxv. Consult: Liber pontiflcalis, ed. Duchesne, ii. 252, Paris, 1892; Jaffe", Regesta, i. 470-477; J. M. Watterich, Romanorum pontificum vitae, i. 44, 66, 685-686, Leipsic, 1862; B. Jungmann, Dissertationes selectae, iv. 493 sqq., Regensburg, 1884; J. Langen, Geschichte der rbmischen Kirche, iii. 354-363, Bonn, 1892; Hauck, KD, iii. passim; F. Gregorovius, Hist, of the City of Rome, iii. 357-377^ London, 1895; Bower, Popes, ii. 321-323; B. Platina, Lives of the Popes, i. 255-256, London, n.d.
John XIV. : Pope 983-984. Formerly known as Peter, bishop of Pavia and chancellor of Italy, he was elected in Nov. 983, by the influence of Otto II. After Otto's death the rival claimant, Boniface VII., returned from Constantinople and imprisoned John in the Castle of Sant'Angelo, where he died Aug. 20, 984. (H. Boehmer.)
Bibliography: Jaffe\ Regesta, i. 484; J. M. Watterich,
Romanorum pontificum vitae, i. 66, 686-687, Leipsic, 1862;
Bower, Popes, ii. 325; B. Platina, Lives of the Popes, i. 260,
London, n.d.; F. Gregorovius, Hist, of the City of Rome,
iii. 393, 397, London, 1895.
John XV.: Pope 985-986. During his pontificate the political power in Rome was in the hands of John Crescentius II., and the papacy enjoyed little consideration abroad, as is shown by the history of the Reims contest (see Sylvester II.). His relations with Germany, however, were relatively close, and he acted (through his legate Leo of Trevi) as mediator between Ethelred of England and Richard of Normandy, sanctioning the peace of Rouen (Mar. 1, 991). He died early in April, "6- (H. Boehmer.)
Bibliography: Liber pontiflcalis, ed. Duchesne, ii. 260, Paris, 1892; J. M. Watterich, Romanorum pontificum vitae, >■ 66-67, 687-688, Leipsic, 1862; J. Langen, Geschichte
der rumischen Kirche, iii. 369-380, Bonn, 1892; F. Gregorovius, Hist, of the City of Rome, iii. 398-408, London 1895; Bower, Popes, ii. 326-329.
John XVI. : Pope 997-998. A Greek of low extraction from Rossano in Calabria, he was made abbot of Nonantula by the favor of the Empress Theophanu, who, as regent after Otto II. 's death procured his elevation to the bishopric of Piacenza. When John Crescentius expelled Gregory V. from Rome, he assumed the papacy; but Otto III. restored Gregory, and John was captured in March, 998, deposed, mutilated, and imprisoned in a Roman monastery, where he lived apparently until April 2, 1013. (H. Boehmer.)
Bibliography: Jaffe, Regesta, i. 495-496; J. M. Watterich, Romanorum pontificum vitae, i. 68, 689 sqq., Leipsic, 1862; J. Langen, Geschichte der rbmischen Kirche, iii. 385-387, Bonn, 1892; F. Gregorovius, Hist, of the City of Rome, iii. 422-427, London, 1895; Bower, Popes, ii. 330; B. Platina, Lives of the Popes, i. 263-264, London, n.d.
John XVII.: Pope 1003. He was a Roman named Sicco, who was elected June 13 by the will of Crescentius, and died Dec. 7. The only thing known of him is that he was married before his elevation. (H. Boehmer.)
Bibliography: Liber pontiflcalis, ed. Duchesne, ii. 265, Paris,
1892; Jaffe\ Regesta, i. 501; Bower, Popes, ii. 333; B.
Platina, Lives of the Popes, i. 265.
John XVIII. : Pope 1003-09. He was another creature of Crescentius, named Fasanus or Phasianus, son of a Roman presbyter Leo. That he was not lacking in energy is shown by his vigorous proceedings against the bishops of Sens and Orleans, who had required Abbot Gauzlin of Fleury to burn the papal privileges of exemption; and he seems to have had some success against his Byzantine opponents. He died in June, 1009.
(H. Boehmer.) Bibliography: Liber Pontiflcalis, ed. Duchesne, ii. 266,
Paris, 1892; Jafte, Regesta, i. 501-503; J. M. Watterich,
Romanorum pontificum vitae, i. 69, 699-700, Leipsic, 1862;
Mary Bateson, in Historical Review, 1895, pp. 728-729;
F. Gregorovius, Hist, of the City of Rome, iv. 7-10, London,
1896; Bower, Popes, ii. 334; B. Platina, Lives of the Popes,
i. 266, London, n.d.
John XIX. : Pope 1024-32. He was the brother of Benedict VIII., Romanus by name, and was elected by the Tusculan party between April 12 and May 10. The eastern Emperor Basil II. requested him to acknowledge the patriarch Eustathius of Constantinople as " ecumenical bishop," or practically as an eastern pope. John was disposed to accede, but the monastic reformers raised such a storm of protest that the negotiations were broken off. After crowning Conrad II. (Mar. 26, 1027), John was completely under his power, and his decrees were treated with contempt by the emperor in Germany. In France, however, his authority seems to have been respected, and King Canute of England paid him a visit in 1027. Apparently without much protest, he conducted a simoniacal traffic; the only objection raised by Canute to the demand of money for conferring the pallium was to the largeness of the amount. He seems to have died Nov. 6, 1032.
(H. Boehmer.)
Bibliography: Jaffe\ Regesta, i. 514-519; J. M. Watterich. Romanorum pontificum vitae, i. 70, 708-711, Leipsic, 1S&': J. Langen, Geschichte der rbmischen Kirche, iii. 418 4-Si