RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Mani, Manicheans Manning
Archelai, most accessible in M. J. Routh, Reliquice sacra;, v 1-206, Oxford, 1848, in Eng. transl. in ANF, vi. 179- 235, cf. H. von Zittwitz, in ZHT, 1873, pp. 467-528. Next to this come the Anti-Manichean writings of Augustine, the most important of which are in vols, i., viii. of the Benedictine ed. of his works. Some of these are translated in NPNF, 2 ser., iv. 37-365, with Introductory Essay on the Manichoean Heresy by A. H. Newman, ib., pp. 3-29. Epiphanius dealt with Manicheism in Hcer., lxvi. Consult also Alexandri Lycopolitani contra Manichai opiniones disputatio, published Leipsic, 1895, Eng. transl. in ANF, vi. 241-252. Other Greek sources are given in Hauck-Herzog, RE, xii. 196-197, as is the Western literature between 1700 and 1800.
Of later works on the subject the first place is due to Kessler's Mani, ut sup., of which only vol. i. is published, though vol. ii. is promised, and to his Untersuchungen zur Genesis des manichaischen Religionssy stems, Berlin, 1876. Perhaps of next importance is G. Flugel, Mani, seine Lehre und seine Schriften, Leipsic, 1862. Consult further, A. von Wegnern, M anichmorum indulgentiw, Leipsic, 1827; F. C. Baur, Das manichaische Religionssystem, Tubingen, 1831; F. C. Trechsel, Ueber Kanon, Kritik und Exegese der Manichaer, Bern, 1832; F. Spiegel, Eranische Alterthumskunde, ii. 185-232, Leipsic, 1873; A. Geyler, Das System des Manichiiismus und sein Verhaltniss sum Buddhismus, Jena, 1875; E. Rochat, Essai sur Mani et sa doctrine, Geneva, 1897; A. Dufourcq, De Manichceismo, Paris, 1900; A. Bruckner, Faustus von Mileve. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des abendlandischen Manichiiismus, Basel, 1901 ; F. W. K. M tiller, Handschriften-Reste in Estrangelo-Schrift aus Turfan, Chinesisch-Turkestan, Berlin, 1904; C. Salemann, Ein Bruchstiick manichaischen Schrifttums, St. Petersburg, 1904; idem, Manichaische Studien, Leipsic, 1908; E. Bischoff, Im Reiche der Gnosis, ib., 1906; F. Cumont, Recherches sur le Manicheisme. 1. ha Cosmogonie d' apres Theodore bar Khoni, Brussels, 1908; Harnack, Dogma, passim, consult Index; Neander, Christian Church, i. 479-506 et passim.
MANIPLE. See Vestments and Insignia, Ecclesiastical.
MANN, CAMERON: Protestant Episcopal missionary bishop of North Dakota; b. in New York City Apr. 3, 1851. He was educated at Hobart College (A.B., 1870) and the General Theological Seminary, from which he was graduated in 1873, and was ordered deacon in the latter year and advanced to the priesthood in 1876. After being a missionary at Branchport and Dresden, N. Y., in 1873-74 and curate of St. Peter's, Albany, N. Y., in 1875, he was rector successively of St. James', Watkins, N. Y., from 1876 to 1881 and of Grace, Kansas City, Mo., from 1881 to 1901. In 1902 he was consecrated missionary bishop of North Dakota. In theology he is a liberal High-churchman, and has written Future Punishment (New York, 1888) and Comments at the Cross (1893).
MANN, WILHELM JULIUS: Lutheran theologian; b. in Stuttgart, Germany, May 29, 1819; d. in Boston, Mass., June 20, 1892. He received his preparatory education in the Latin school at Blaubeuren and the excellent gymnasium of his native town. In his early school-days he became the intimate friend of Philip Schaff, " the presiding genius of international theology " as he afterward used to call his learned friend. In 1837 he took up the study of theology at the University of Tubingen, where Professor Christian Friedrich Schmidt exerted the greatest influence on him. In 1845 he came to America through the invitation of Philip Schaff. He first taught in Mercersburg, Pa., and for some time was assistant pastor of Salem's Reformed Church in Philadelphia. In 1848 he be-
came coeditor, with Dr. Schaff, of Der deutsche Kirchenfreund, becoming editor-in-chief in 1854. In 1850 he accepted a call to the Evangelical-Lutheran Zion's congregation in Philadelphia, founded by Henry Melchior Muehlenberg (q.v.) and entered the Lutheran Ministerium of Pennsylvania, where he found his proper spiritual home and field for his pastoral and theological activity in this country. Twice he held the office of president of the Ministerium and wrote, in connection with his friend, Dr. G. F Krotel, an exposition of Luther's Catechism, which was published by the synod and is still in use. In the confessional controversy which agitated the Lutheran Church about the middle of the nineteenth century, he took strong ground against " American Lutheranism " and its champion, Dr. Samuel Simon Schmucker (q.v.) . Against the latter's Definite Platform (1855) Dr. Mann wrote his Plea for the Augsburg Confession (Philadelphia, 1856) and in the following year his Lutheranism in America: an Essay on the present Condition of the Lutheran Church in the United States. When the Ministerium of Pennsylvania founded its own theological seminary in Philadelphia (1864) Dr. Mann was elected a member of the first faculty, together with Drs. Charles Porterfield Krauth and Charles William Schaeffer. For twenty-seven years he held his position as professor of Hebrew, New-Testament exegesis, German homiletics, symbolics, and ethics. He prepared a little text-book for his students in ethics: General Principles of Christian Ethics: the first Part of the System of Christian Ethics by C. F. Schmidt (1872). During the last part of his life his literary activity was chiefly confined to the sphere of American, particularly Pennsylvanian, church history. His principal works in this field are: Life and Times of Henry Melchior Muhlenberg (Philadelphia, 1887), written for the centennial of Muhlenberg's death; and the new edition of the Halle Reports prepared by Dr. Mann in connection with Drs. Beale Melanchthon Schmucker and W Germann, in Germany. Only the first volume of this important and valuable publication was completed by him. Another valuable book is his life of William Penn, in German (Reading, Pa., 1882). Adolph Spaeth.
Bibliography: Emma T. Mann, Memoir of the Life and Work of W. J. Mann, Philadelphia, 1893 (by his daughter); A. Spaeth, in Lutheran Church Review, Jan., 1893, also published in pamphlet form. Dr. W. J. Mann, ein deulsch-amerikanischer Theologe, Erinnerungsblaetter, Reading, 1895; H. E. Jacobs, in American Church History Series, vol. iv., passim, New York, 1893.
MANNING, HENRY EDWARD: English cardinal; b. at Totteridge (12 m. s.w. of Hertford) July 15, 1807; d. in London Jan. 14, 1892. He received his preparatory education at Harrow, and went in 1827 to Balliol College, Oxford. His chief distinction in the university was as a debater, rather than as a scholar. At this period of his life his interests were primarily political, but the Early Life financial losses sustained by his father and Educa- rendered a parliamentary career imtion. possible for him, and after graduating with first-class honors in 1830 he obtained a subordinate position in the colonial office. Coming under Evangelical influence he resigned in 1832 and returned to Oxford. There he was
Hanning: Hansel