RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Man si Maori
declined to subscribe. In 1662 he left St. Paul's and held meetings at first in his own house, and, as the attendance increased, elsewhere; these meetings were ignored till 1670, when Manton was arrested and kept in prison for six months. In 1672 he became one of the first six preachers for the merchants and citizens of London in Pinners' Hall. Manton was exceedingly attractive in the pulpit, pacific in spirit, and a man without enemies. He wrote commentaries on James (London, 1651 and often; latest issue, 1844), on Jude (1658), and on the Lord's Prayer (1684); many of his sermons were printed separately, while collections, with memoirs, etc., were made by W. Bates (5 vols., 1678-1701) and by R. Baxter (1 vol., 1679; reprinted, Achill, 1842), and individual sermons figure in sermon anthologies.
Bibliography: W. Harris, Some Memoirs of the Life and Character of T. Manton, London, 1725; R. Baxter, Christian Biography, pp. 199-226, ib. 1768; Walter Wilson, Hist, of Dissenting Churches, iii. 545-566, ib. 1810; W. A. Shaw, Hist, of the English Church . . . 1640-1660, vol. ii. passim, ib. 1900; DNB, xxxvi. 101-104.
MANUEL, NIKLAUS: One of the notable personalities at the closing period of the Reformation; b. at Bern 1484; d. there Apr. 30, 1530. Until 1522 he devoted himself almost exclusively to art. At the same time he figured as a satirical poet and as such helped very successfully the cause of the Reformation, especially in Bern. In 1512 he was elected into the great council of Bern, and in 1523 was appointed prefect in Erlach. After the disputation of Baden in 1526 the Reformation in Bern made rapid progress. Haller abolished the mass and, after six gilds of the town had joined his cause, received Guillaume Farel and Franz Kolb (qq.v.) as assistant preachers. In 1528 at the Disputation of Bern (see Bern, Disputation of) Manuel took an active part. Shortly afterward he entered the small council of Bern. After that he was almost entirely alienated from art, and the poet gave way to the statesman. Manuel now became an enthusiastic itinerant. Between 1528 and 1530 he advocated in more than thirty assemblies and conferences the cause of the Reformation and of Bern, and gathered new friends for the new teaching. His considerateness and kindness made him appreciated everywhere. In May, 1528, he became member of the board which occupied itself with the organization of the new church, superintended the moral condition of the congregation, and settled matrimonial disputes. In the autumn of the same year Manuel advanced to the position of Venner of Gerbern, acting as judge and taking part in the government of the state. While he has a place in the history of German painting, popular poetry, drama and satire, and was influential in the political development of his native city of Bern, most significant was his attitude toward the religious change of his time. As among the powerful men in Germany Hutten was the most ingenuous ally of Luther, so Manuel was the most popular ally of Zwingli in German Switzerland. Fight against Rome was the watchword of the day, and Manuel served this fight by the satire of his brush, pen, and spoken word, and he became the spiritual father and champion of the Reformation in
Bern. He acquired his greatest fame and exercised his chief influence as a poet in the service of the Reformation. Satire and polemics form the core and essence of his poetical productions. His two moralities— VomPapst und seiner Priesterherrschaft and Von Papsts und Christi Gegensatz — performed at Bern in 1522, completely destroyed there the authority of the bishop of Lausanne and induced the council of Bern to allow the free preaching of the Gospel. Thus Berchthold Haller (q.v.) had free scope for the development of his reformatory work. No less effect had his satires — Ablasskrdmer (1526) which belongs to the best satirical productions of the Reformation; Ecks und Fabers Badenfahrt (1527), a satire on the disputation of Baden and especially directed against Dr. Eck; Krankheit (1528); Klagred der armen Gbtzen (1528); Elsli Tragdenknaben und Uly Rechenzan (1530), a merry carnival play. (F. LiSTf.)
Bibliography: Biographies are by S. Scheurer, in Bernerischen Mausoleum, 1742; K. von Gruneisen, Stuttgart, 1837 (against this Rettig wrote his Ueber ein Wandgemalde von Niklaus Manuel, Bern, 1862); J. Bach told, Frauenfeld, 1878 (a masterpiece); B. Handcke, ib. 1889. Further literature of minor interest is given in Hauck-Herzog, BE, xii. 241.
MAON, MAONITES: A place and people mentioned in the Old Testament. The place-name occurs in Josh. xv. 55 (see Judea), and there is mention in Judges x. 12 of a people called Maonites. Modern critics, following the lead suggested by the best Septuagint readings, correct this to Midianites (cf. the commentaries on Judges of Moore, Budde and Nowack) . Traces of a place or territory of the name " Maon " are found in the Meunim (Mehunim) of I Chron. iv. 41 (Hebr. and R. V.); II Chron. xx. 1 (R. V- margin), xxvi. 7. In these passages the Meunim appear in company with nomads, for the most part, and are located in mount Seir. The data used by the chronicler, therefore, implied the existence of a stock of Meunim who about 860-700 B.C. came from the south and assailed Judah. This agrees with the fact of a modern site named Ma'an, fifteen and a half miles southeast of Petra. In case this is correct, it might be that the Meunim of Ezra ii. 50 and Neh. vii. 52 were the descendants of some of these who had been made prisoners in the campaigns noted by the chronicler and had been assigned to service in the temple (cf. Ezek. xliv.7). The fact that the Meunim are represented as parties to an alliance with important peoples like the Moabites and Ammonites suggests that they are to be connected with the early Arabic stock of the Minaeans, whose sway was overthrown by the Sabians (see Arabia). Winckler and Hommel connect the Minaeans with the North Arabian Muzri (see Assyria, VI., 2, § 1). ' (H. Guthe.)
Bibliography: E. Glaser, Skizze der Geschichte und Geographie Arabiens, ii. 14-15, 21 sqq., 450-451, Berlin, 1890, and cf. another view by Sprenger, in ZDMG, xliv. 505 sqq.; F. Hommel, Ancient Hebrew Traditions as Illustrated by the Monuments, pp. 251, 272, London, 1897; idem, Aufsatze und Abhandlungen, iii. 273 sqq., Munich, 1892; F. Buhl, Geschichte der Edomiter, pp. 40 sqq., Leipsic, 1893; Winckler, in Schrader, KAT, pp. 140 sqq.; DB, iii. 240; EB, iii. 2934-35.
MAORI. See New Zealand.
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Marburg:, Conference of