THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
elected a fellow of Merton College and was ordained priest on Dec. 23. He was soon appointed curate to John Sargent, the Evangelical rector of Lavington, Sussex, and in the following year he was instituted to the rectory as Sargent's successor. In this same year (1833) he married a daughter of his late rector, but his wife died four years later. This blow Manning felt keenly, and his sorrow, added to tendencies long at work within him, doubtless predisposed him still more to the principles of the Oxford Movement (see Tractarianism). At the time of his ordination he believed in the doctrine of baptismal regeneration, and before long modified his view of the Eucharist and accepted the tenets of apostolic succession and the value of tradition. He was likewise active in the promotion Activity in of a system of education which should the be under religious control, and aided Anglican in the establishment of diocesan boards Church, in cooperation with the National Society for Promoting the Education of the Poor. In Dec, 1840, he was appointed archdeacon of Chichester, and two years later select preacher at Oxford. At this period of his life he published his Unity of the Church (London, 1842), in which he ably defended the doctrines of Anglo- Catholicism. In 1838 he had visited Rome and had seen Wiseman, but he was still totally out of sympathy with Roman Catholicism.
The conversion of W. G. Ward and Newman to Roman Catholicism left Manning at the head of the High-church party in the Anglican Church. In 1847, however, he was compelled by illness to take a continental tour, which lasted until July, 1848, and took him through Belgium and Germany to Italy. Most of this time, however, was spent in Rome, and in April and May, 1848, he was received in audience by Pius IX. His doubts concerning the catholicity of the Anglican Church were meantime increasing, although there is no evidence that he seriously contemplated withdrawing from her communion. Events shortly after his return to England, however, turned the tide of his convictions. The consecration of the unorthodox Hampden to the see of Hereford and the decision in the famous Gorham case seemed to him evidence that the Church of England was not a part Steps Lead- of the Church catholic, and though he ing to his presided at a meeting of the Chichester Conversion clergy to protest against the so-called to Roman " Papal Aggression " in the creation Catholicism, of Roman Catholic dioceses in England in 1850, he resigned his archdeaconry and went to London. There he placed himself under the instruction of the Jesuits, and on Passion Sunday, Apr. 6, 1851, was received into the Roman Catholic Church. On the following Sunday he received minor orders, and was ordained priest on June 14. In the following year Manning went to Rome, where he spent the next three years in study at the Accademia dei Nobili Ecclesiastici. Receiving his doctorate from the pope in 1854, he began regular work in England, and three years later was made provost of the chapter of Westminster and superior of the Congregation of the Oblates of St. Charles. For eight years he labored
with unceasing activity, preaching, writing, and working among the poor. A strong ultramontanist, he was appointed by the pope in 1860 domestic prelate and pronotary apostolic with the title of Monsignor. He consistently objected, therefore to the welcome accorded Garibaldi on his visit to England in 1864, even though his general ultramontane course aroused the suspicion of a large body of English Roman Catholics.
In 1864 Cardinal Wiseman died, and the pope, ignoring the names submitted to him by the chapter, nominated Manning his successor as archbishop of Westminster, London. He was consecrated at the pro-cathedral of St. Mary's, Moorfields, June 8, received the pallium at Rome on Michaelmas Day, and was enthroned at St. Mary's Nov. 6. A rigid disciplinarian, he spared neither himself nor others, and worked consistently in an ultramontane spirit to advance Roman Catholicism in Eng- Labors for land. He accordingly opposed New-
his New man's plan of founding a Roman Faith. Catholic hall at Oxford, and, believing that the Roman Catholic Church should provide education for its own members, he made an unsuccessful attempt to establish a Roman Catholic university at Kensington, which remained open only from 1874 to 1878. On the other hand, he was more than successful in the promotion of parochial schools, and was unswerving in his opposition to all that was at variance with the teaching of his Church. He gained additional prominence in 1870 by his advocacy of the doctrine of papal infallibility, and in 1875 replied to Gladstone in his Vatican Decrees in their Bearing on Civil Allegiance. On Mar. 15 of the same year he was created a cardinal, although he did not receive the hat until Dec. 31, 1877, when he was in Rome. After the death of Pius IX. (Feb. 7, 1878), Manning attended the conclave and, although some of the Italian cardinals were prepared to vote for him as pope, he cast his ballot for Cardinal Pecci (Leo XIII.). With the new pope, however, he was less in sympathy, and for the remainder of his life his chief interests were social questions, especially total abstinence, for the advancement of which he founded a " League of the Cross," which in 1874 numbered some 30,000 members in London alone. He was
Philan- likewise extremely active in the cause
thropic of labor, and his urgent advocacy of Interests, the claims of the working classes drew upon him the charge of socialism, although he rightly denied the truth of the assertion. In 1889 he assisted in settling the strike of the longshoremen, while he was also active in movements for the suppression of the East African slave-trade and Hindu child-marriage, in addition to advocating the raising of the minimum age for child labor.
Cardinal Manning was a prolific writer, and his works betoken a man of sincere conviction, earnest faith, and noble character. He was preeminently an ecclesiastic and a diplomat, even though in matters of mere intellect he was inferior to certain others of his period. His chief works, written for the most part under the press of manifold ecclesiastical and public duties, are as follows: The Unity of the Church (London, 1842); Sermons (4 vols.,