THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
to The Critic and The Christian Remembrancer, while his writings in general covered subjects critical, dogmatic, and apologetic. His productions embrace: The Influence of Ancient Oracles in Public and Private Life (vol. v. of Oxford English Prize Essays, Oxford, 1836); A Treatise on the Augustinian Doctrine of Predestination (London, 1855); The Primitive Doctrine of Baptismal Regeneration (1856); A Review of the Baptismal Controversy (1862); Eight Lectures on Miracles Preached before the University of Oxford in 1865 (Bamp-
ton lectures, 1865; latest ed., 1895); Sermons Preached before the University of Oxford, and on Various Occasions (Oxford and Cambridge, 1876; latest ed., 1895); Ruling Ideas in Early Ages and their Relation to Old Testament Faith; Lectures (London, 1877; latest ed., New York, 1908); Essays, Historical and Theological (2 vols., 1878); The Theory of Development. A Criticism of Dr. Newman's Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine (1878); Sermons, Parochial and Occasional (1879); and Lectures and Other Theological Papers (1883; reissue, 1907).
Bibliography: The Letters of J. B. Mozley, . Edited by his Sister [Anne Mozley], London, 1884; the Introduction to the Essays, utsup., by his sister, and a biographical notice by R. "W Church, in the same; R. W. Church, The Oxford Movement, London, 1891; DNB, xxxix. 249-251.
MUEHLAU, mii'lau, HEINRICH FERDINAND: German Lutheran; b. at Dresden June 20, 1839. He was educated at the universities of Leipsic and Erlangen from 1857 to 1862 (Ph.D., Leipsic, 1861), and in 1869 became privat-docent for Old- Testament exegesis at the former university. In the following year he was called to Dorpat as professor of the same subject, remaining there until 1895, when he became professor of New-Testament exegesis at the University of Kiel, resigning in 1909. He has edited J. F. Bottcher's Neue exegetisch-kritische Aehrenlese zum Alten Testament (3 vols., Leipsic, 1863-65) and Ausfuhrliches Lehrbuch der hebraischen Sprache (2 vols., 1866-68); Liber Genesis sine punctis excriptus (in collaboration with E. F. Kautzsch; 1868); and the eighth to the eleventh editions of W Gesenius's Hebrdisches und chalddisches Handworterbuch (in collaboration with W. Volck, 1878-90); and has written De proverbiorum quce dicuntur Aguri et Lemuelis origine et indole (Leipsic, 1869); Die biblische Lehre vom Gewissen (Dorpat, 1889); Zur paulinischen Ethik (Kiel, 1898) ; Martinus Seusenius' Reise ins heilige Land (1902); and Die Ostseeprovinzen Russlands und ihre deutsche Kultur (1906).
MUEHLENBERG, mii'len-berg, HENRY MEL- CHIOR: The patriarch of the Lutheran Church in North America; b. at Eimbeck (39 m. s.e. of Hanover, Germany) Sept. 6, 1711; d. at New Providence (Trappe), Pa., Oct. 7, 1787. In the Latin school of his native town the foundation was laid for his excellent classical training. From 1735 to 1738 he studied theology at Gottingen, and then served as teacher in the Francke institutions at Halle. Having been ordained at Leipsic in 1739 he was called to Grosshennersdorf through the influence of Baroness von Gersdorf, the patroness of that charge. In the year 1741 August Hermann
Francke (q.v.) urged him to accept a call from the three Lutheran congregations in Pennsylvania (New Providence, New Hanover, and Philadelphia), which had been transmitted by the Rev. Fiedriech Michael Ziegenhagen in London. In April, 1742, he arrived in London and in June of the same year embarked for Georgia, where he was to visit the Salzburg colonists under pastors Bolzius and Gronau, near Savannah. He arrived in Philadelphia, Nov. 25, 1742.
At the time of his entrance into the new world Muehlenberg was in the prime of his young manhood. Having enjoyed a fine classical education he spoke Latin fluently. He was also able to use the Dutch and English tongues in preaching, besides his native German. He was a scholarly theologian, firmly rooted in the Lutheran Confession. The slight touch of Halle Pietism which he had received proved a wholesome feature in his pastoral dealings with individuals. He was dignified and magnetic in his personal appearance, well balanced in his judgment of men and affairs, pleasant and cordial in his intercourse with men of high or low degree, and gifted with remarkable powers of organization and administration. Thus he was particularly well equipped for bringing order into the chaotic condition of the scattered Lutherans in America, and for laying the foundation for a solid organization. Among the German emigrants in the Province of Pennsylvania up to the middle of the eighteenth century the Mennonites, Schwenckf elders, and other sects were strongly represented. The German Reformed were also quite numerous. But the majority belonged to the Lutheran confession. Yet there was hardly any provision made for their spiritual needs. Men who had never been called to the ministry, or who had been disciplined and deposed as unworthy of the office in the old country, like Valentin Kraft, pressed into the folds which were without shepherds and assumed the pastoral office. Nearly ten years before Muehlenberg's arrival the above-mentioned Pennsylvania congregations had applied to Drs. Ziegenhagen in London and Francke in Halle for worthy Lutheran pastors. Their patience had been severely tried by tiresome negotiations. Just one year before Muehlenberg's arrival Nicholas Ludwig Zinzendorf (q.v.) appeared in Pennsylvania under the name of Count von Thuernstein and sought to gather around his person a sort of union of the best elements of German Christians. He proved to be particularly aggressive toward the Lutherans. In Philadelphia Zinzendorf subjected Muehlenberg to an Examen rigorosum, which he endured in a dignified manner. Having been required by the mayor of the city to give up the church records of the Lutherans, Zinzendorf left the city Jan. 1, 1743, and returned to Europe.
Now the field was clear for Muehlenberg to take up the work of organizing the Lutheran Church in this western continent, and this proved to be his life-work. The service of the three congregations which had called him, was very exacting, as they were 36 miles distant from each other, without roads to connect them. He devoted himself to the instruction of the young, insisted on scrip-