THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
Pa., vol. i., 1SS6, Eng. transl., begun by C. W. Schaeffer, part i., Reading, Pa., 1SS2; the Selbstbiographie, going as far as 1743, ed. W. Germann, Allentown, Pa., 1881; and J. W. Richard's translation of JIuehlenberg's diary, in Evangelical Review, vols, i.-iv. Lives are by J. G. C. Helmuth, Philadelphia, 17SS; M. L. Stoever, ib. 1856; W. J. Mann, in English, ib. 1887, in German, 1891; W. K. Frick, ib., 1902. Consult further: W. B. Sprague, Annals of the American Lutheran Pulpit, New York, 1869; H. E. Jacobs, in American Church History Series, vol. iv., chaps, xii.-xviii., ib. 1893; T. E. Schmauk, Hist, of the Lutheran Church in Pennsylvania (,1638-1820), vol. i., Philadelphia, 1903; and in general literature under Lutherans.
MUEHLHAEUSSER, miil-hei'ser, KARL AU- GUST: German theologian; b. at Kleinkems (28 m. s.w. of Freiburg), Baden, Feb. 26, 1825; d. at Wilferdingen (8 m. s.e. of Carlsruhe) Jan. 21, 1881. He was educated at Heidelberg; became vicar at Eppelheim (1S47), afterward vicar in Carlsruhe, and minister at Sulzfeld (1854). At the suggestion of Ullmann, who esteemed him highly, he was called to Carlsruhe in 1857 as assessor of the high consistory. When Ullmann resigned in 1860 on account of the controversy over the liturgy, Miihlhausser, who became a regular member of the high consistory, remained in that body, but openly expressed his divergence from its views. In 1864 he frankly opposed it in favor of the protest signed by 119 clergymen of Baden against Schenkel's Charakterbild Jesu. By degrees his position became untenable, and in this same year he accepted a call to the country parish of Wilferdingen. There he developed an extensive activity relating to ecclesiastical policy. As an acknowledged leader of the " positive " party, he assembled his friends in the " Evangelical Conference," and represented the conservative minority with ability and success in many general synods of Baden. As a member of the Baden diet he proved an experienced and ready parliamentarian. By word and pen he advocated the principles of the German Conservatives. After 1876 he collaborated with Geffken in the publication of the Zeitfragen des christlichen Volkslebens, the first part of which, Christentum und Presse, was prepared by Miihlhausser himself, and emphasized the necessity of defending the Christian view of life by means of the press. He was an enthusiastic advocate of home missions in south Germany, and was for many years the president of the southwestern conference which he had attended since its establishment in 1864. Julius Nby.
Bibijogeapht: J. Reinmuth, Karl August Miihlhausser, Heilbronn, 1882.
MUELLENSIEFEN, mu"len-si'fen, JULIUS: German Lutheran preacher; b. at Iserlohn (45 m. n.e. of Cologne), Apr. 28, 1811; d. at Wernigerode (22 m. s.s.e. of Brunswick) Apr. 28, 1893. After studying at Halle and Berlin, he became private tutor in the home of General von Diest; pastor in Cothen, Brandenburg, 1836, and in 1852 chief pastor of the Marienkirche in Berlin, in which position he was active for thirty-three years, being made pastor emeritus in 1890. Mullensiefen's especial gift was the care of souls; he had a peculiarly clear insight into the most complicated conditions of the inner and outer life and a great faculty of discerning the possible solution of the problems presented. His high ethical standard and the uncompromising
sternness of his moral judgment were united with a paternal sympathy for the needs of a burdened or troubled conscience. It was for this reason that he exerted a more wide-spread pastoral influence than almost any other clergyman in Berlin, as well by personal communication as through correspondence. His pastoral and pedagogical gift was unfolded more especially in catechetical instruction, to which he usually devoted sixteen hours each week during the entire year. His sermons also, of which three major collections have appeared (Der Weg des Friedens, Berlin, 1871; Zeugnisse von Christo, 4 vols., 15th ed., Halle, 1894; Das Wort des Lebens, 4 vols., 8th ed., 1888) bear the same pastoral character. The most widely read are Tdgliche Andachten zur hduslichen Erbauung (19th ed., 1905).
G. Rietschel. Bibliography: P. Mullensiefen, in Deutsche evangelische Blatter, xix (1894), 158 sqq.
MUELLER, miil'er, DAVID HEINRICH: Austrian Jewish Orientalist; b. at Buczacz (85 m. s.e. of Lemberg), Galicia, July 6, 1846. He was educated at the universities of Vienna, Leipsic, Strasburg, and Berlin, and in 1875 became privat-docent at the first-named institution, becoming associate professor of Oriental languages in 1881 and full professor in 1885. He is also professor of Hebrew and the philosophy of religion at the Vienna Israelitischtheologische Lehranstalt. He is noted for his services in developing knowledge of the strophical structure of poetry in the Old Testament, and this criterion of structure he has begun to apply to the New Testament. He has been since 1887 one of the editorial board of the Wiener Zeitschrift fur die Kunde des Morgenlandes, and besides his work as editor of al-Samma'i's Kitab-al-Farq (Vienna, 1876) ; al-Hamadani's " Geography of the Arabian Peninsula " (2 vols., Leyden, 1884-91); and a portion of the " Annals " of al-Tabari (1888-89), has written Himjarische Inschriften (Vienna, 1875); Himjarische Studien (1876); Siidarabische Studien (1877); Bericht uber eine Reise nach Konstantinople (1878); Burgen und Schlosser Sudarabiens (2 parts, 1879- 1881); Sabaische Denkmdler (in collaboration with J. H. Mordtmann; 1883); Siegfried Langer's Reiseberichte aus Syrien und Arabien und die von ihm entdeckten und gesammelten Inschriften (Leipsic, 1883); Epigraphische Denkmdler aus Arabien nach Abklatschen und Copien des Herrn J.Euting (1SS0); Rezensionen und Versionen des Eldad ha-Dani (1892) ; Die altsemitischen Inschriften von Sendschirli in den koniglichen Museen zu Berlin (1893); Epigraphische Denkmdler aus Abessinien nach Abklatschen von J. Theodore Bent (1894); Ezechiel- Studien (Berlin, 1895); Die Propheten in ihrer ursprunglichen Form (2 vols., Vienna, 1895); Die Haggadah von Sarajevo (in collaboration with J. von Schlosser; 1898); Siidarabische Altertiimer in kunsthistorischen Hofmuseum (1899); Die Mehri- und Soqotri- Sprache (2 vols., 1902-05); Die Gesetze Hammurabi's und ihr Verhdltnis zur mosaischen Gesetzgebung sowie zu den Zwblf Tafeln (1903); Das syrischromische Rechtsbuch und Hammurabi (1905); Semitica, contributed to the Sitzungsberichte of the Vienna Academy (1906); a series of Biblische Stu dien, reproduced from various periodicals (5 parts,
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