THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
ing the Death of Mr. Mutter, ib. 1909. For minute and detailed accounts of the institution consult the Annval Reports.
MUELLER, HEINRICH: German Lutheran; b. at Liibeck Oct. IS, 1631; d. at Rostock (44 m. n.e. of Schwerin) Sept. 17, 1675. He studied at Greifswald and Rostock; entered the ministry at Rostock, 1652; became archidiakonus there, 1653; professor of Greek in the university, 1659, and of theology, 1662. Doctrinally, Miiller occupied a middle ground in Lutheran theology, and his orthodoxy was pervaded with the warm glow of an intimate personal faith, so that he stood out as one of the most eminent figures in the era preceding Pietism. And as such he was called to cooperate in the renewal of ecclesiastical life in the Evangelical church of Germany. In his sermons and devotional writings, Miiller often reveals a masterful and " popular " eloquence. As a devotional writer, Miiller was exceedingly prolific. Among his works are: Der himmlische Liebeskuss (1659; new ed. by Fiedler, 1831, Hamburg, 1848); Kreuz Buss und Betschule (1661); Betrachtungen iiber den lJfi. Psalm (new ed., Hamburg, 1853; Leipsic, 1872); " collected Sermons " (2 vols., 1663-72) ; Schlusskette und Kraftkern (1663; reissue, Halle, 1853, 1855); Evangelische Schlusskette (1672; reissued, Halle, 1855); Festevangelische Schlusskette (1673; new ed., Halle, 1855); Die geistlichen Erquickstunden (1664; later editions, Leipsic, 1872; Hamburg, 1889; Eng. transl., Hours of Spiritual Refreshment, London, 1840); Der geistliche Dankaltar (1668); Die ungeratene Ehe (1668); Thranen- und Trostquelle oder der Heiland und der Sunder (Frankfort, 1676; new ed., Halle, 1855). After Miiller's death there appeared Der evangelische Herzensspiegel (1679), briefer homilies on the Evangelical pericopes (new edition, 2 vols., Hamburg, 1882, 1884); Das evangelische Praservativ wider den Schaden Josephs in alien dreien Standen (1681); and his funeral discourses, Graber der Heiligen (1685). Miiller also composed a number of spiritual hymns, of which several have been adopted in the Church hymnals. Hermann Beck.
Bibliography. Biographies have been written by C. O. F. Aichel, Hamburg, 1854, and by O. C. Krabbe, Rostock, 1866. Consult further: E. E. Koch, Geschichte des Kirchenliedes, lv. 67 sqq., Stuttgart, 1868; G. G. Schmidt, Geschichte der Predigt, pp. 106-110, Gotha, 1872; K. Palmer, Lebensbilder von Erbauungsschriftsteller, vol. i., Stuttgart, 1870; A. F. W. Fischer, Kirchenlieder Lexikon, p. 158, Gotha, 1878; H. Beck, Die religiose Volkslilteratur der evangelischen Kirche Deutschlands, Gotha, 1891.
MUELLER, JOH ANN GEORG: Thenameoftwo theologians.
1. Swiss Reformed teacher and educator; b. at Schaffhausen (23 m. n.n.e. of Zurich, Switzerland), Sept. 3, 1759; d. there Sept. 20, 1819. Being of a religious turn of mind and under the influence of Lavater's " Glimpses into Eternity " and Young's Night Thoughts, he determined to study theology, which he did first at Zurich and later in Dessau^ Bremen, and Bernburg. But Miiller had not yet begun to build on a sure basis, and while in Gottingen his religious perplexities so increased that he turned to Herder for assistance. On going to Weimar, he was taken by Herder into his own house
for six months, and the attachment thus formed was a lasting one. Under Herder's influence Miiller became freer, more full of life, and was spurred on to further research. On his return home, Miiller found his foundation alarmingly weak in spite of the many theologies with which his head was filled. He became bewildered in endeavoring to read the Bible with understanding; accordingly he concluded to put aside all theological books, even the Bible, and to devote himself for two years to classical literature. On resuming his Bible study he attained the conviction he sought, based on the eternal truth of divine revelation. Not being able to fill a pastorate because of ill health, he accepted a professorship in the College of Humanity, Schaffhausen, and devoted his time to science and writing. His works were addressed in particular to the young, his endeavor being to make the Bible in its magnificence and humanity once more of practical value. He agreed fully with the Augsburg and Helvetian Confessions and his theology differed rather in form, than materially, from the older system. He sought to simplify theology, to banish scholasticism, to free the religion of Jesus from its Jewish garb, to present it pure and practicable, in short, to humanize theology; although its first principle — positive revelation — would have to remain the same. At first lecturer, in 1794 he became professor of Greek and Hebrew, and later of encyclopedia and methodology in the College of Humanity. He was thrown out of his clerical position by the Revolution, and cheerfully accepted the situation, believing that he could in that way best serve his city. Through the confidence of his fellow citizens he was appointed first representative of the people, then a member of the city council, and last deputy mayor.
Muller's chief works are Philosophische Aufsatze (Breslau, 1789) ; Unterhaltungen mit Serena (2 parts, Wintherthur, 1793-1802; 3d ed., 3 parts, part iii. ed. Kirchhofer, 1834-35); Bekenntnisse Merkwiir-' diger Manner von sich selbst (16 vols., 1792-1809); Briefe iiber das Studium der Wissenschaften, besonders der Geschichte (Ftissli, 1798); Ueber ein Wort, das Franz I. von den Folgen der Reformation gesagt haben soil (1800); Reliquien alter Zeiten, Sitten und Meinungen (4 parts, Leipsic, 1803-06) ; Von Glauben der Christen. Vorlesungen (2d ed., 2 vols., Winterthur, 1823); and Ueber christlichen Religionsunterricht (1809). (G. Kirchhofer.)
Bibliography: Sources are: The autobiography, produced in Protestantische Monatsblattcrn, xviii (1861), 35 sqq.; the Briefwechsel between himself and his brother, the historian Johann von Miiller, ed. E. Haug, Frauenfeld, 1893. Consult further: The biography by K. Stokar, Basel, 1885; three lectures by J. Kirchhofer, in Unoth, Zeitschrift fur Geschichte und Altertum des Standes Schaffhausen, i. 65 sqq., Schaffhausen, 1864; and Aufzeichnungen von Johann Georg Miiller, ed. J. Bachtold, Berlin, 1881.
2. German Reformed teacher and comparative religionist; b. in Basel, Switzerland, May 8, 1800; d. there Aug. 31, 1875. From 1818 to 1825 he studied philosophy and theology at the Hochschule of Basel, having De Wette as his teacher in theology, and in his last terms attending lectures by Hagenbach and Stahelin, passing his examinations and receiving ordination in 1825. He became teacher