THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
for), he was deeply pained by having to combat those with whom he felt himself one in faith. Loneliness and illness now beset him, and in 1856 he suffered a stroke of apoplexy. A year later, however, he was able to resume his lectures, which he continued for twenty-two years. But further extensive literary work was impossible, though he collected his Gesammelte Dogmatische Abhandlungen (Bremen, 1S70), originally published in the Deutsche Zeitschrift fur christliche Wissenschaft und christliches Leben, which he had founded in 1850 with Neander and Nitzsch. In 1878, a few months before his death, he retired from active life.
(David Hupfeld.)
Bibliography: M. Kiihler, Dr. Julius M tiller, der hallische Dogmatiker, Halle, 1898; L. Schultze, Dr. Julius Mutter, Mittheilungen aus seinem Leben, Bremen, 1879.
MUELLER, KARL FERDINAND FRIEDRICH:
German Protestant; b. at Langenburg (46 m. n.e. of Stuttgart) Sept. 3, 1852. He was educated at the universities of Tubingen (1870-74; Ph.D., 1876; lie. theol., 1S7S) and Gottingen (1876-77), interrupting his studies in 1875-76 to serve as curate at Ludwigsburg. He was a lecturer at the Tubingen theological seminary (1878-80), became privatdocent for theology at Berlin (1880), and associate professor (1882). In 1884 he went in a similar capacity to Halle; to Giessen as full professor (1886) ; to Breslau, as professor of church history (1891); and to the University of Tubingen (1903). He has written: Der Kampf Ludwigs desBayernmitderromischen Kirche (2 vols., Tubingen, 1879-80); Die Anfdnge des Minoritenordens und der Bussbruderschaften (Freiburg, 1SS5) ; Die Waldenser und ihre einzelnen Gruppen bis zum An/ang des vierzehnten Jahrhunderts (Gotha, 1886) ; Kirchengeschichte (2 parts, Freiburg, 1892-1902); Luther und Karlstadt (Tubingen, 1907) ; and Die Esslinger Pfarrkirche im MittelaUer, in W urttembergische Vierteljahrshefte fur Landesgeschichte, xvi (1907).
MUELLER, WILHELM MAX: Lutheran; b. at Gleissenberg (a village near Waldmiinchen (38 m. n.e. of Regensburg), Bavaria, May 15, 1862. He was educated at the universities of Erlangen, Leipsic (Ph.D., 1893), Berlin, and Munich. In 1888 he left Germany for the United States, and after two years' residence in New York City was appointed in 1890 to his present position of professor of Oldand New-Testament exegesis at the Reformed Episcopal Seminary, Philadelphia. He has written Asien und Europa nach altagyptischen Denkmalern (Leipsic, 1893); Die Liebespoesie der alien Aegypter (1899); and Egyptological Researches (Washington, 1906).
MUEMPELGART, mita'peTgart, COLLOQUY OF: A disputation between Lutherans and Reformed at the castle of Mumpelgart (a town better known to English readers under its French name Montbeliard, near the French border, 37 m. w. of Basel), Mar. 21-26, 1586. This was occasioned by the incorporation of the county of Mumpelgart into the duchy of Wurttemberg by inheritance. As early as 1526 Farel had preached the Gospel in Mumpelgart, but soon had to flee. In 1535, however, a Calvinistic type of the Reformation was established
by Tossanus, a Reformed Frenchman; then the duke of Wurttemberg attempted to reorganize the church on the Lutheran model. Many Calvinists had found a refuge in Mumpelgart from French persecution, but were not easily admitted to the Lord's Supper. In order to create more friendly relations with the Lutherans, the disputation was arranged. On the Lutheran side, Jacob Andreas and Lucas Osiander of Tubingen were commissioned, together with two political councilors, Hans Wolf von Anweil and Friedrich Schiitz. On the Reformed side there were present Beza, Abraham Musculus, preacher at Bern; Anton Fajus, deacon at Geneva; Peter Hybner, professor of Greek in Bern; Claudius Alberius, professor of philosophy in Lausanne, and the two councilors, Samuel Meyer of Bern and Anton Marisius of Geneva. The points of controversy were (1) the Lord's Supper, (2) the person of Christ, (3) pictures and ceremonies, (4) baptism, and (5\ election. The proceedings were not taken down in writing, but both parties in the beginning handed in written copies of their theses. Both parties claimed the victory. Against the agreement there was later published a protocol in the interest of the Lutherans. Beza disputed the correctness of the Acta of Tubingen and defended himself in Latin and German. A deputation from Wurttemberg requested at Bern satisfaction for the allegation of forgery which had been repeated by Musculus, but the deputation made no impression upon the Reformed. The only result of the disputation was a deepening of the differences between the two parties.
(A. ScHWEIZEEf.) Bibliography: Sources are: Acta colloquii Montis Belligartensis, Tubingen, 1594; Ad acta colloquii Montisbeliaardensis, T Beza responsio, Geneva, 1587-88. Consult: H. J. J. Heppe, T. Beza, Leben und ausgewahlie Schriften, pp. 267 sqq., Elberfeld, 1861.
MUENCHMEYER, mimH'mai-er, AUGUST FRIEDRICH OTTO: German divine; b. at Hanover Dec. 8, 1807; d. at Buer (10 m. n. of Essen), district of Miinster, Nov. 7, 1882; studied at Liineburg, Holzminden, Gottingen, Berlin, and at the preachers' seminary at Hanover. In 1840 he was appointed pastor at Lamspringe, near Hildesheim; in 1851, superintendent at Catlenburg; and in 1855, consistorial councilor and superintendent at Buer, and member of the ecclesiastical court of Osnabriick. He was a zealous advocate of the complete separation of State and Church, which he supported in the Zeitschrift fur Protestantismus und Kirche, and in the Gottinger Monatsschrift (1846- 1847). He engaged in a controversy with Hofling over the latter's Grundsatze evangelisch-luthcrischer Kirchenverfassung, to refute which he published Das Ami des Neuen Testaments nach Lehre der Schrift und der lutherischen Bekenntnisse (Osterode, n.d.). He was the author also of Das Dogma von der sichtbaren und unsichtbaren Kirche (Gottingen,