THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
gregated," constitute a brotherhood which any one may join who will support the order by an annual gift, or, if too poor, by his prayer for the work. Particular obligations are the special observance of the feast and octave of Epiphany in Saint Andrea della Valle in Rome; the conduct of worship and preaching in different languages; the distribution of books; the establishment of asylums for the poor and sick and the support of dependents; the provision of mission stations with tracts, devotional books, and the like; the erection and maintenance of free schools; the care of the imprisoned; and the conduct of public missions and discipline, especially for first communicants.
The Pallottinians first spread in Italy, eventually they extended to foreign fields. In 1904 there labored a total of 103 priests, 16 alumni, and 125 lay-brethren in Europe, South America, Africa, and Australia, to which 31 priests have since been added. In the German province alone there are 340 members. The first Pallottinian foreign missionaries, five in number, went, in 1890, to Kamerun (west equatorial Africa), and now there are seven stations with 4,386 communicants, 1,500 catechumens, and 1,750 children in the schools. The full name of the congregation is Congregazione e pia societa dell' Apostolato cattolico sotto la protezione della regina degli Apostoli. Its organs are published at Limburg, Germany, and at Rome. Bibliography : Heimbucher, Orden und Kongregationen, iii. 474, 484 sqq.; L. Niderberger, Leben und Wirken . , Vincenz Pallotti, Limburg, 1900; KL, i. 1122, viii. 1600.
PALM SUNDAY. See Holy Week, §§ 2-3.
PALM-TREE. See Fbtjit-tbees in the Old Testament, § 6.
PALM, JOHANNES HENRICUS VAN DER:
Dutch Protestant; b. at Rotterdam July 17, 1763; d. at Leyden Sept. 8, 1840. He was educated at the Staten-College at Leyden (1778-84), and in 1785 was called as pastor to Maartensdijk in the province of Utrecht. On account of his participation with the so-called " Patriots " in the drill of the home-guards in preparation against the Prince of Orange and his fright at the triumph of the latter, he fled in 1787. All attempts to induce him to return failed, and in the following year, after being formally released, he was made librarian and chaplain of Baron van de Perre at Middelburg. When this city was invested by the French, Van der Palm was one of the leaders of the revolutionary movement and was appointed a member of the new government. In 1796 he was made professor of oriental languages and sciences at Leyden, but three years later resigned when appointed minister of public instruction. In this capacity he distinguished himself by energy and wisdom, and was the author of the school law of 1806. In the latter year he resumed his professorship at Leyden, where he was appointed university preacher in 1807, though not a member of the theological faculty. In 1833 he was made professor emeritus, but continued to lecture until 1838.
Van der Palm was primarily an exegete and pulpit orator. In his exegetical work he wrote especially for the educated laity, as evinced in his
Ecclesiastes philologice et critice illustratus (Leyden 1784); Salomo (3d. ed., 9 parts, Leeuwarden, 1834- 1841); Jesaias vertaald en opgehelerd (3 parts, Amsterdam, 1805); Bijbel voor de jeugd (24 parts, Leyden, 1811-34); and Liederen van David en Azaf (1815). He likewise made a new annotated Dutch translation of the Bible (1818-30) which won much favor in Holland. As a preacher he was tasteful and sympathetic, and his style was simple though powerful, appealing both to the heart and the head. Many of his sermons, which were decidedly Evangelical, were published during his lifetime, and all were collected posthumously under the title Al de leerredenen van J. H. van der Palm (16 parts, Leeuwarden, 1841—45). He was a favorite orator on special occasions, his addresses being collected in Verhandelingen, redevoeringen en losse geschriften (5 parts, Amsterdam and Leeuwarden, 1810—16). His chief prose production was the Geschied- en redekunstig gedenkschrift van Nederlands herstelling (Amsterdam, 1816). (S. D. van Veen.)
Bibliography: H. F. T. Fockena, J. H. van der Palm als
Bijbeluitlegger, redenaar en schrijver, Leyden, 1841; N.
Beets, Leven en karakter van J. H. van der Palm, ib. 1842;
C. J. van Assen, Voorlezing over J. H. van der Palm, Dort,
1844; B. Glasius, Godgeleerd Nederland, iii. 58-70, 'a Her-
togenboach, 1856.
PALMER, BENJAMIN MORGAN: Presbyterian clergyman; b. at Charleston, S. C, Jan. 25, 1818; d. at New Orleans May 25, 1902. He was graduated at the University of Georgia (1838) and at the theological seminary at Columbia, S. C. (1841); became pastor at Savannah, Ga. (1841), Columbia, S. C. (1843), and New Orleans (1856). He was professor of church history and polity at Columbia, S. C, 1853-56; and one of the founders of The Southern Presbyterian Review, of which, after 1847, he was editor and contributor. He was the author of The Life and Letters of Rev. James Henley Thornwell (Richmond, 1875); Sermons (2 vols., New Orleans, 1875-76); and The Family; in its Civil and Churchly Aspects (New York, 1876). He was the glory of the Southern pulpit. Bibliography: T. C. Johnson, The Life and Letters of Benjamin Morgan Palmer, Richmond, 1907.