RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Palmer Pauormitanus
high renown for his zeal and learning. Later he was ordained presbyter at Csesarea and followed in the steps of his great model, Origen. Giving all his possessions to the poor, he lived only for learning, conducting a theological school, and increasing the library left by Origen, many of whose exegetical works he himself copied. On the outbreak of the persecution by Maximinus, Pamphilus was seized, tortured, and imprisoned for two years, after which he was beheaded with eleven other martyrs.
The. sole writing of Pamphilus was a defense of Origen in five books, to which Eusebius added a sixth. Since this contains numerous excerpts from Origen which Pamphilus could scarcely have gathered in prison, Eusebius seems to have collected for him the material which he wove into his work, so that the product could thus be regarded as the joint work of Pamphilus and Eusebius. It was designed to refute, from Origen's own statements, the charges brought against him, but only the first book, in a garbled Latin translation by Rufinus, has survived. Besides this apology, he wrote only letters. The special attention of Pamphilus was devoted to the text of the Bible, at least so far as it had been critically edited by Origen. How far he treated the portions of the New Testament unredacted by Origen is more problematical. He may have compared the manuscripts with the statements prefixed by Origen to his exegesis; or he may merely have had those manuscripts copied which came from Origen's library and harmonized with the statements in question. One manuscript ascribes to Pamphilus an argument prefixed to Acts, which, however, is not his in its present form.
(Erwin Pheuschen.)
Bibliogeaphy : The remains of his works are collected in M. J. Routh, Reliquiae Sacroe, iii. 487-499, iv. 339-392, Oxford, 1846-48; MPG, x. 1529-58, xvii. 521-616. An Eng. transl. of a fragment, with an introduction, is in ANF, vi. 165-168. Early information is to be found in: Eusebius, Hist, eccl., VI., xxxii. 3, VII., xxxii. 35, VIII., xiii. 6; cf. TU, xiv. 4 (1896), 74 sqq., xvii. 4 (1899), 13 sqq. Consult: ASB, Jan., i. 64 sqq.; O. Bardenhewer, Geschichte der altkirchlichen Litteratur, ii. 242 sqq., Freiburg, 1903; Harnack, Litteratur, i. 543 sqq., ii. 2, pp. 26 sqq., 103-106 et passim; Kruger, History, 253-255; DCB, iv. 178-179.
PAMPHYLIA. See Asia Minor, VIII.
PANAGIA ("ALL-HOLY"): The usual (though not official) title of the virgin in the Greek Church; and also the later Greek designation of the consecrated bread. The latter usage is derived from the monastic custom of placing, on certain occasions, a triangular portion of the bread with a cup of wine before the icon of Mary and successively censing, elevating, dividing, and eating it. This ceremony, called " elevation of the all-holy," was performed before meals or before undertakings which required special protection. The most accessible account of the rite is in " The Great Prayer Book " of the Greek Church, pp. 584 sqq. (Venice, 1851).
(Philipp Meyer.)
PANAMA: A republic erected from one of the states of Colombia in 1903, consisting of the isthmian strip of land about 420 miles long and from 31 to 118 miles wide, extending from Costa Rica, Central America, southeast to Colombia, South
America; area, 32,380 square miles; population (1909) about 419,029, including Indians. A treaty was concluded with the United States in 1904 which guaranteed the independence of the republic and in return for $10,000,000 Panama granted in perpetuity a zone of land for the construction (now in progress) and operation of a canal, of the width of ten miles, with sovereign rights within the strip. Schools are established in the larger cities. The religion of the civilized elements of the population is Roman Catholic, while the Indians are in large part still heathen. Panama is a Roman Catholic suffragan bishopric under the metropolitan of Cartagena, Colombia. Protestant missions are supported by the Jamaica Baptist Missionary Society, the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, the Protestant Episcopal Church, the Presbyterian Church in the United States, the Methodist Episcopal Church, and the South American Missionary Society. These agencies report (1907) 11 missionaries, 13 stations, 493 communicants, and 993 professed Evangelical adherents.
PAN-ANGLICAN SYNOD. See Lambeth Conference.
PANEGYRICON : The term applied in the Greek Church to collections of panegyrics of the saints and ecclesiastical festivals. Collections derived from the ninth century were arranged according to the days and months of the year, or on some other principle. A collection of panegyrical discourses are reckoned by Allatius and Suicerus as among the books of the Greek ritual, though it is doubtful whether this view can now be held. Collections of panegyrics have often been published; as, by M. Chrysocephalus (Vienna, n.d.), C. Daponte (Venice, 1778), and J. Kornelios (ib. 1788). These did not pass over into official usage; and lately the term Panegyricon has been applied by P. Kerameus (" Jerusalem Library," iv. 208-212, 1899) to collections of ancient spiritual addresses, some of which are not panegyric in character.
(Philipp Meyer.)
Bibliography: Krumbacher, Geschichte, consult Index; Leo Allatius, De libris et rebus ecclesiasticis Grcecorwn, pp. 93-94, Paris, 1646; R. Volkmann, Die Rhetorik der Griechen und Romer, pp. 344-345, Leipsic, 1885.
PANIS LITERS: An order ("bread certificate") to a spiritual institution to take a certain person under its charge for subsistence. The existence of such benefices sprang from the same source as the ancient right of secular persons of rank to entertainment in cloisters and ecclesiastical foundations during their journeys (S. Sugenheim, Staatsleben des Klerus im Mittelaller, i. 361 sqq., Berlin, 1839). The distribution of such bread benefices prevailed throughout Europe. E. Sehling.
PANORMITANUS: The name usually applied to Nicholas de Tudeschis, archbishop of Palermo; b. at Catania, Sicily (31 m. n.n.w. of Syracuse) in 1386; d. at Palermo Feb. 24, 1445. In 1400 he entered the Benedictine order and in 1405 or 1406 betook himself for study to Bologna, where he devoted himself to the subject of canon law under the direction of the celebrated Franciscus Zabarella,
Panteenus Pantheism