History of the Jewish Nation from the Earliest Times (London, 1874); Outline of Scripture Geography (1874); The Qur'dn (1880).
Bibliography: W. Besant, Life and Achievements of Edward Henry Palmer, London, 1883; DNB, xliii. 122-126.
PALMER, EDWIN: Church of England; b. at Mixbury (18 m. n.n.e. of Oxford), England, July 18, 1824; d. at Oxford Oct. 17, 1895. He studied at Balliol College, Oxford (B.A., 1845; M.A., 1850; D.D., 1878); he was fellow in Balliol College, 1845- 1867; philological lecturer, 1858-66; tutor, 1866- 1870; became Corpus professor of the Latin language and literature in the University of Oxford, 1870-78; was ordained deacon, 1854; and priest 1868; was select preacher to the University of Oxford, 1865-66 and 1873-74; and became archdeacon of Oxford and canon of Christ Church, 1878. He wrote Bishop Patteson, Missionary Bishop and Martyr (London, 1872) ; and was a member of the New Testament Company of Revisers of the Authorized Version (1873-81; see Bible Versions, B, IV § 7). He was the editor of J. Riddell's Apology of Plato, with English Notes (1867) ; and of the Greek Testament, with the Readings Adopted by the Revisers of the Authorized Version (Oxford, 1881).
PALMER, HERBERT: b. March 29, 1601, at Wingham, County Kent, Eng.; entered St. John's College, Cambridge, March 23, 1615 (16); he took the master's degree in 1622; became fellow of Queen's College, July 17, 1623; ordained to the ministry in 1624; was made lecturer at Alphage Church, Canterbury, in 1626; removed to the vicarage of Ashwell by Archbishop Laud in 1632; and in the same year was made university preacher at Cambridge. In 1643 he was appointed a member of the Westminster Assembly of Divines, and was chosen one of the assessors in 1646. Soon after, he became minister of Dukes-place Church, London, and was subsequently transferred to the larger field of the new church, Westminster. Apr. 11, 1644, he was made master of Queen's College, Cambridge. He died Aug. 13, 1647, in the prime of life. Palmer was a devout man, scholarly, moderate, and a powerful preacher. He was especially devoted to catechizing. He prepared several forms, the most mature of which is his Endeavour of Making the Principles of Christian Religion, namely, the Creed, the Ten Commandments, the Lord's Prayer, and the Sacraments, Plaine and Easie, 6th ed., 1645. The peculiarity of his method is a double series of answers; first, either yes or no, then a definite proposition summing up replies to several questions. This catechism became the basis of the Westminster Catechism, as the minutes of the Westminster Assembly clearly show. Palmer was chairman of the committee on the directory of worship, and the subject of catechizing was especially committed to him. He then became chairman of the committee on the catechism, and acted as such until his death, when Anthony Tuckney was appointed in his place. Palmer was also earnest for sabbath observance. He united with Daniel Cawdrey in composing one of the best works on the sabbath in existence, Sabbatum redevivum, London, 1645-52, 2 vols., 4to. He was a moderate Presby-
Palmer Panormitanus
THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
terian, and hesitated about the divine right of ruling elders, and favored a presiding bishop. He was appointed by Parliament one of the Committee of Accommodation in 1645. His deep piety is manifest in his Memorials of Godliness and Christianity, in three parts, 1644, 11th ed., 1673, 13th, 1708, including the Christian Paradoxes, wrongly ascribed to Lord Bacon [reissued, with introduction, memoir, and notes by A. B. Grosart, with title Lord Bacon not the Author of " The Christian Paradoxes ": being a Reprint of " Memorials of Godliness and Christianity," Edinburgh, 1865]. This work is equal if not superior to Jeremy Taylor's Holy Living. He frequently preached before Parliament. His sermons exhibit eloquence and power. He was an excellent linguist, especially in French and Latin, and was intrusted with drawing up the correspondence of the Westminster Assembly with the various churches of the Continent. He was a man of wealth, and used his means especially in the aid of candidates for the ministry. He was one of the noblest spirits among the Westminster divines.
C. A. Beiggs.
Bibliography: Besides the memoir in Grosart, ut sup., consult: Samuel Clarke, Lives of Thirty-two English Divines, pp. 183-184, London, 1677; D. Neal, Hist, of the Puritans, ed. J. Toulmin, 5 vols., Bath, 1793-97; B. Brooke, Lives of the Puritans, iii. 75-76, London, 1813; A. F. Mitchell, Westminster Assembly, ib. 1883.
PALMER, RAY: Congregationalist, hymnist; b. at Little Compton, R. I., Nov. 12, 1808; d. at Newark, N. J., Mar. 29, 1887. He prepared for college at Phillips Academy, Andover, Mass.; graduated from Yale College 1830; taught the higher classes in a private seminary for young ladies in New York City, 1830-31; was associated with Prof. E. A. Andrews in the New Haven (Conn.) Young Ladies' Institute, 1831; studied theology 1830-33; was pastor of the Central Congregational Church, Bath, Me., 1835-50; and of the First Congregational Church, Albany, N. Y., 1850-66; and secretary of the American Congregational Union at New York, 1866-78. He took an active interest in education and literature; and from 1878 he lived in literary retirement at Newark, N. J. For the higher periodicals he wrote many critical, philosophical, and miscellaneous articles, and made rich contributions to the leading religious papers. While he obtained eminent success in the ministry and in the general field of literature, he is best known as a hymnist. His most famous hymn, " My faith looks up to Thee," was written in 1830, and published, to the tune of " Olivet " by Lowell Mason, in 1833 in the Book of Spiritual Songs for Social Worship; this hymn has been translated into more than twenty languages. Besides this his " Jesus these eyes have never seen " and " Lord, Thou on earth didst love Thine own " are noteworthy. His most important books are Spiritual Growth, or Aid to Growth in Grace (Albany, 1839), republished and entitled Closet Hours (1851); Remember Ale, or The Holy Communion (Boston, 1855); Hints on the Formation of Religious Opinions (New York, 1 860) ; Hymns and Sacred Pieces (1864); Hymns of my Holy Hours (1867); Home, or The Unlost Paradise (1S68); Earnest Words on True Success in Life
(1873); Complete Poetical Works (1876); Voices of Hope and Gladness (1881).
Bibliography: S. W. Duffield, English Hymns, pp. 361- 363 et passim, New York, 1886; Julian, Hymnology, pp. 877-878; N. Smith, Hymns historically Famous, pp. 183 sqq., Chicago, 1901.
PALMER, ROUNDELL. See Selborne, Rotjndell Palmer, Earl of.
PALMYRA. See Tadmor.
PALTZ, paltz, JOHANN JENSER (GENSER) VON:
German Augustinian; b. probably at Palitz (s.e. of Eger, 92 m. w. of Prague), less probably at Palzem (near Saarburg, Lorraine, 40 m. e. of Nantes) ; d. at the monastery Muhlheim, Ehrenbreitstein, Mar. 13, 1511. In 1462 he matriculated at Erfurt, and five years later entered the Augustinian monastery of the same city. He was sent as prior to Neustadt on the Orla in 1475, and was later employed by his vicar to reform the monastery of Herzberg (1491). As visitor he restored order in the monastery of Muhlheim in 1499, and in 1505 was in Mecklenburg to promote the prosperity of the new monastery at Sternberg. After teaching for two decades at the monastery of Erfurt he was transferred, in 1507, as prior to Muhlheim. Paltz's learning and orthodoxy won recognition outside his order. He was one of the board of judges of heretics at Erfurt in 1488; and in the following year traversed Saxony, Meissen, Thuringia, and Brandenburg as a commissary of indulgences. He likewise converted many heretics in Brux, Cadan, and other cities of Bohemia; while in 1502 he was again a preacher of indulgences. During this period he collected many of his sermons under the title Ccelifodina (Erfurt, 1502), followed in 1504 by a Supplementum. He likewise wrote two tracts: De septem foribus seu festis beat a Virginis (1491) and Hortulus aromaticus gloriosm Virginis. A small tract, De conceptione sive prwservatione a peccato originali Virginis Maria, is in manuscript in
the university library at Leipsic.
Paltz is important not only as representing the type of study pursued at Erfurt in the time of Luther (who was one of his pupils), but as illustrating the final development of the doctrine of indulgences, besides describing the ceremony employed in granting them. At the same time, he shows that the Augustinian order was not the home of a liberal Evangelical theology when Luther entered it, nor is the latter's attitude toward the indulgence controversy completely intelligible without a study of the Ccelifodina. (G. Kawerau.)
Bibliography: J. E. Kapp, Kleine Nachlese, iv. 424 sqq., Leipsic, 1783; T. Kolde, Die deutsche Augustiner-Kongregation, pp. 174 sqq., Gotha, 1879; idem, Das religiose Leben in Erfurt beim Ausgange des Mittelalters, pp. 34 sqq., 54 sqq., Halle, 1893; N. Paulus, in ZKT, xxiii (1899), 48 sqq.; W. Kohler, Dokumente zum Ablassstreit, pp. 50 sqq., Tubingen, 1902; ADB, xxv. 112 sqq.
PAMPHILUS: Presbyter in Caesarea; b. at Berytus, Phenicia, c. 240; d. at Caesarea Feb. 16, 309. Of his life little is known, the comprehensive biography by Eusebius being lost. He was of noble birth and wealthy, and after studying philosophy in his native city he turned to theology and entered the catechetical school at Alexandria, attaining