THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
peace of the Church disappeared, while the situation of the Church in relation to statecraft grew less complex.
Pope Paschal concentrated his interests upon Investiture (q.v.); and almost the sole aim of his
policy was to secure that prerogative
Investiture against the influence of the State. He
Strife. purposed to conduct the negotiations
personally with Henry V in Germany, but his journey stayed short of achievement, and the synod in contemplation was held not in Germany, but at Guastalla, between Parma and Mantua, Oct. 27, 1106, when the pope renewed the interdiction on the subject of investiture. The fact that Henry then continued to exercise the right of investiture disconcerted the pope and aroused his mistrust. When the king's envoys paid their respects to him at Chalons, in May, 1107, and Archbishop Bruno of Treves at the same place defended the king's right of investiture, the pope sharply rejected the demand. Paschal nevertheless conceded, at the synod convening shortly afterward in Troyes, that thenceforth every incumbent who had been invested by a layman was to be duly deposed, together with his ordinator. Henry was granted a year's grace to visit Rome and advocate his claims there before a general council; but the plan failed and the relations between pope and king grew more acute. Henry started on his journey in Aug., 1110, notifying the pope and the Romans from Arezzo of his approach, and sending envoys to the former. In negotiations held at Turri Feb. 4, 1111, between the papal envoys and Henry, the following agreement was made. Henry was to yield on the subject of investiture on his coronation day after the pope had redeemed his promise in the matter of the regalia (see below), promising never again to interfere in the matter of investiture and to release his subjects from their oath to the bishops; he was also to establish the pope in possession of the patrimony of Peter (see Papal States) and to secure the pope's personal safety by a proper disposition of spiritual hostages. Peter Leonis, the leader of the papal envoys, promised for the pope that, when the king had performed his promises, the pope would direct the German bishops in attendance to restore to the king and the realm the regalia which had belonged to the empire in the time of Charlemagne and his successors; the pope was to forbid the bishops to put forth new claims to these regalia in future, or to exercise implied rights thereof, while his successors were to recognize this agreement; finally, the pope was to crown the king as emperor and to support him in the maintenance of his dominion; the pope was also to furnish hostages. This agreement was ratified by Henry V- at Sutri, Feb. 9, with a not unimportant reservation: the oath which he rendered covered merely the pope's personal safety, and conditioned even this upon Paschal's redeeming his pledges on the following Sunday. According to Ekkehard, the king still hinged his consent on the further condition that both spiritual and temporal princes should assent to the surrender of the regalia.
The execution of this treaty meant the solution of legal questions rooted in a past which compre-
hended several centuries; it reduced the bishops from princes to beggars, threw the German Church out of its routine, and was a revolution from above downward such as would affect the The New entire life of the Church; while the Agreement, persons immediately concerned, the German bishops, had not the opportunity of submitting their opinion thereon. At that time the project was impracticable, since Paschal commanded no other instrument of coercion against the inevitable opposition than the sentence of excommunication, a penalty the impressiveness of which had lost much in the preceding half-century. Henry V made his entrance into Rome on Feb. 12, and was ceremoniously received by Paschal. But when the original terms of agreement were read aloud in St. Peter's Church, there arose, amidst the temporal and spiritual princes alike, such a storm of indignation that the fulfilment of the compact proved quite impossible. These fruitless proceedings culminated at evening in Henry's arrest of the pope and cardinals, and a confinement of two months broke the pope's opposition to the king's wishes. On Apr. 11, the following compact was concluded by the two contracting parties. Paschal conceded that when a bishop or abbot has been freely elected, without simony and subject to the king's assent, he shall be invested by the king with ring and staff, and thereafter consecrated by the competent authority after the formal investiture. The pope furthermore promised not to molest the king and his realm, and never to visit the anathema upon Henry. He pledged himself to crown the king, and to support both realm and empire to the best of his power. Henry V swore to liberate the pope, bishops, cardinals, and all other captives, on Apr. 12 or 13, and not to molest them again; to bestow peace on the Roman people; to acknowledge Paschal as pope; to maintain, or, if need be, reinstate, the Roman Church in its patrimony and goods; and to render the obedience due Paschal as pope, the honor of kingdom and empire being safe. Henry's coronation took place on Apr. 13, the pope obtained his freedom, the emperor retained the privilege of investiture, while every ecclesiastic or layman who should assail it was subject to anathema and deposition.
That Paschal under the stress of intense abasement had suffered himself to be constrained to these concessions subjected him to heavy penance. He lost the confidence of the Curia and embittered the remainder of his pontificate. This Disapproval compact of Paschal's meant the relinand Annul- quishment of demands which had been ment of the upheld through many years and de- Agreement, fended with no mean sacrifices on the side of the Church; it canceled all efforts aimed at a reaction of public opinion in relation to the investiture; and it blocked the way to a resumption of such efforts in the future. A tempest of indignation rose against Paschal. In Rome a group of ecclesiastics turned their backs on him; in the rest of Italy there occurred intense and earnest protests; among the French and Burgundian clergy there almost ensued a schism; while even Germany was not entirely free from this re-