RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Paschal
fractory temper. The opposition of Paschal's fellow churchmen robbed him of self-confidence. He grew confused as to the lawfulness of his acts, and yet stood chained to them by virtue of his oath. Hence the equivocal turns of his procedure in the following years. This state of affairs became patent to greater circles at the Lateran Synod of Mar. 1&-23 1112. Here, in order to dispel doubts on the score of his orthodoxy, Paschal not only submitted a confession of his faith, wherein he notably recognized the decrees of Gregory VII. and Urban II., but he also assented to the resolution that the privilege wrested from the pope by coercion was to be condemned by the verdict of the Holy Ghost, declared invalid, and rendered null and void. After Paschal had thus broken the first part of the oath of Apr., 1111, he was powerless to escape the Gregorian party's importunity with reference to a censure of Henry V. For when the Synod of Vienne, Sept. 16, 1112, condemned lay investiture as heresy, pronounced excommunication against Henry V., 'and transmitted these resolves to the pope for confirmation, subjoining a threat of defection in case of his refusal, he did not hesitate to pass the sentence. When the ban against Henry had been reiterated, in the succeeding years, by the legates Kuno and Dietrich (at Beauvais, Reims, Cologne, Goslar), the matter underwent a searching discussion in the year 1116, at the Lateran synod convening on Mar. 6. First of all, the privilege of investiture met its doom. Paschal was compelled to pronounce his approval of the king's excommunication, in open audience; and thus did he surrender the second portion of his oath. But in spite of these resolutions of the Lateran synod, there ensued no absolute rupture of relations between pope and emperor. When Henry V. advanced upon Rome in the spring of 1117, the pope fled southward. [But the same year a synod was held at Benevento which fully supported the pope, and excommunicated Mauritius Burdinus, who had taken the part of Henry, and was the next year elected antipope with the title of Gregory VIII. (q.v.).]
In relation to other states, the administration of Paschal II. proved far less momentous. While in England a vehement conflict came Affairs in about between the kingdom and the England, church, it found prompt solution France, and through the Concordat of 1107. This the East, was prior to the collision between the pope and the German king, and, owing to its localization, it exerted no general effect comparable in importance with the German investiture strife. Yet Paschal did not entirely lose sight of England in the years that followed. He sought to enforce, in opposition to King Henry I., the pseudo-Isidorian principles respecting appeals to the apostolic see (see Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals); demanded the lapse of the royal Placet (q.v.) in connection with his legates and edicts; and urged greater zeal in the payment of Peter's pence. In France, the pope found occasion to interfere in the marriage relations of King Philip I., who had separated from his consort and wedded Bertrade de Montfort, who had deserted her husband, Count Foulques of Anjou. At the Synod of
Poitiers, 1100, and in presence of the papal delegates, the relapsing king was again sentenced with the ban; and not until Dec. 2, 1104, at the Synod of Paris, did he receive absolution upon promising to discontinue all commerce with Bertrade. The first great achievement of the crusade movement inaugurated by Urban II., the conquest of Jerusalem, did not come to the knowledge of that pope, since the news of it reached Rome not until the beginning of the pontificate of Paschal II. His attention, accordingly, was much engaged by the growing church problems in connection with the founding of the kingdom of Jerusalem. This burden was especially pressing by reason of the disputes over the occupancy of the patriarchate of Jerusalem; and the rivalry between the patriarchal sees of Antioch and Jerusalem.
Paschal II. died at Rome Jan. 21, 1118.
Carl Mirbt.
Bibliography: Sources: The Epistolce et privilegia are in MPL, clxiii. 31-476. Epistolce are also found in Becueil des historians des Gaides, xv. 17-63, Paris, 1808; MGH, Episl., iii (1891), 106-107; in NA, vols, iii., vi., vii., xiii., xvii., xx.-xxiii., xxv.; and S. Lowenfeld, Epist. pontificum Romanorum, pp. 67 sqq., Leipsic, 1885; Liber pontificalis, ed. L. Duchesne, ii. 296-306, Paris, 1892; Jaffe, BRG, vol. v.; idem, Regesta, i. 702-772; J. B. Watterich, Pontificum Romanorum vitce, ii. 1-17, Leipsic, 1862; J. von Pflugk-Harttung, Iter Italicum, Stuttgart, 1833; idem, Acta pontificorum Romanorum inedita, Tubingen and Stuttgart, 1881-86; M. Sdralek, Wolfenbuttler Fragmente, pp. 111-117, Miinster, 1891; P. Kehr, in Nachrichten der kgl. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Giittingen, philologhistorische Klasse, 1898-1903; H. Hagenmeyer, Epistula et chartce ad historiam primi belli sacri spectantes, pp. 178 sqq., Innsbruck, 1901; Mansi, Concilia, vols, xx.-xxi. Consult: J. Langen, Geschichte der romischen Kirche, iv. 214- 270, Bonn, 1885; TJ. Chevalier, Repertoire des sources historiques du moyen Age, pp. 1721, 2761, Paris, 1877 sqq.; W. Schum, Die Politik . Paschals II., Erfurt, 1877; G. Peiser, Der deutsche Investiturstreit unter . . Heinrich V., Berlin, 1883; M. Maurer, Papst Calixt II., vols. i.-ii., Munich, 1886-89; G. Buchholz, Ekkehard von Aura, vol. i., Leipsic, 1888; W. von Giesebrecht, Geschichte der deutschen Kaiserzeit, iii. 697 sqq., Leipsic, 1890; C. Mirbt, Die Publizistik im Zeitalter Gregors VII., ib. 1894; F. Gregorovius, Hist, of the City of Rome, iv. 317-377, London, 1896; H. Gerdes, Geschichte der deutschen Volks, n. 319 sqq , Leipsic, 1898; G. Richter, Annalen der deutschen Geschichte im Mittelalter, III., ii., Halle, 1898; T. F. Tout, The Empire and the Papacy, 918-1273, London, 1901; W. Barry, Papal Monarchy 590-1303, New York,
1902; W. Norden, Das Papsttum und Byzanz, pp. 67 sqq., Berlin 1903; B. Monod, Essai sur les rapports de Pascal II avec Philippe I. (1099-1108), Paris, 1907; Hefele, Conciliengeschichte, vol. v.; Hauck, KD, iii. 874 sqq.; Milman, Latin Christianity, iv. 75 sqq.; Bower, Popes, u. 427-45 1; Platina, Popes, ii. 18-29; Schaff, Christian Church, v. I, pp 44 73, 75, 76, 91; Neander, Christian Church, iv. 129 sqq.; the literature under Calixtus II., and Investi-
TURK.
Paschal III. (Guido of Crema): Antipope 1164-68. Guido of Crema was the most influential among the four or five cardinals who in 1159 elected Octavian (Victor IV., q.v.) as claimant of the papal see in opposition to Alexander III. He was of noble birth, in close relations with both the French and the English courts, and of long experience in the Curia. He was thus a natural candidate to succeed Victor IV., two days after whose death he was elected at Lucca by the recalcitrant party (Apr. 22, 1164). He was consecrated on Apr. 26 by Bishop Henry of Liege, and at once recognized by Barbarossa_ His lack of support in Italy, Burgundy, and parts ot
Paschal Controversies Passover