THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
Germany, however, urged Barbarossa to an extraordinary measure. On May 22, 1165, he required of all the princes present at a diet in Wiirzburg an oath that they would never acknowledge Alexander III.; and he pushed the cause of Paschal actively in Italy and Burgundy. In July, 1167, the victory of Tusculum allowed Frederick and his pope to enter Rome, where the latter was enthroned in St. Peter's on July 22. The catastrophe which almost annihilated the imperial army in August forced him to quit Rome. In the following January Archbishop Christian of Mainz restored him, although to jurisdiction only over the right bank of the Tiber, and even this by an uncertain tenure. Before his power could be further confirmed, he died (Sept. 20, 1168). (H. Bohmer.)
Bibliography: Liber Pontificalis, ed. L. Duchesne, ii. 410- 420, Paris, 1892; Jaffe, Regesta, ii. 426-429; F. Gregorovius, Hist, of the City of Rome, vol. iv. passim, London, 1896; Hauck, KD, iv. 258 sqq.; Milman, Latin Christianity, iv. 296; Bower, Popes, ii. 511-514; literature under Alexander III., especially the work of Reuter, vol. ii.
PASCHAL CONTROVERSIES. See Easter, II.
PASCHASIUS RADBERTUS. See Radbertus, Paschasius.
PASSAU, BISHOPRIC OF: An ancient bishopric in Bavaria, organized by Boniface in 739 together with the other Bavarian dioceses. Its jurisdiction embraced both banks of the Danube from the confluence of the Isar, as far east as the Enns, north to the Bohmerwald, and south to near the present boundary between Upper Austria and Salzburg and Styria. Christianity had spread there in the Roman period. Lauriacum, the principal Roman fortress on the line of the Danube, was the seat of a bishop, and there were churches at Batava (Passau), Boiodurum, Quintana, and other places. But this Roman Christianity was destroyed by the Teutonic migrations, and its place had to be supplied in the Bavarian epoch by the work of itinerant bishops. One of these, Vivilo, consecrated by Gregory III., was placed in charge of the see of Passau at its foundation. After the downfall of the Avari in 796, the lands between the Enns and the Raab were added to its jurisdiction. In the beginning of the tenth century the East Mark was lost to Germany, but when it began to be reoccupied in the middle of the same century, the see of Passau took up its work again which was extended even to the east, into Hungary. (A. Hauck.)
Bibliography: The list of bishops is in MGH, Script, xiii (1881), 361-364, xv (1888), 1310-11. Sources are in Monumenta Boica, vol. xxviii., part 2, xxix., part 2, Munich, 1864 sqq. Consult further: Rettberg, KD, i. 226 sqq., ii. 245 sqq.; Friedrich, KD, i. 199 sqq., 343 sqq.; Hauck, KD, i. 379, 505, ii. 460 sqq., iii. 150 sqq.; K. Schrodl, Passavia sacra, Passau, 1879; R. Reichenberger, Wolfgang von Salm, Bischof von Passau, 1540-65, Freiburg, 1902; U. Schmid, Otto von Lonsdorf, Bischof zu Passau, 1254-65, Wiirzburg, 1903.
PASSAU, TREATY OF. See Augsburg, Religious Peace of.
PASS AV ANT, WILLIAM ALFRED: American Lutheran; b. at Zelienople, Pa., Oct. 9, 1821; d. at Pittsburg June 3, 1894. Ordained in 1842, the year
of his graduation from the Lutheran theological seminary at Gettysburg, he held pastorates in Baltimore (1842-44) and Pittsburg (1844-55), where he founded The Missionary (1848-61), and was editor till it was merged in The Lutheran and Missionary Philadelphia, remaining as one of the editors of the new periodical. In 1880 he founded The Workman, in Pittsburg, which he edited till 1887. He introduced the Kaiserswerth system of deaconesses in America (see Deaconess, III., 2, d, § 1). To his efforts were due the establishment of hospitals at Pittsburg, Milwaukee, Chicago, and Jacksonville, 111.; orphanages at Rochester, Zelienople, Pa., and Mt. Vernon, N. Y.; and Thiel College, Greenville Pa.
Bibliography: G. H. Gerberding, Life and Letters of Rev. W. A. Passavant, Greenville, Pa., 1906.
PASSION PLAYS. See Religious Drama; and Oberammergau.
PASSION WEEK. See Holy Week.
PASSIONISTS : The common name of the congregation of Barefoot Clericals of the Holy Cross and Passion of Christ, famous for their devotions and missionary zeal, and rising during the period of resistance to the Enlightenment (q.v.) of the eighteenth century. It was founded by Francesco Danei, known as Paul of the Cross (b. at Ovada [30 m. n.w. of Genoa] Jan. 3, 1694; d. at Rome Oct. 18, 1775). Although brought up to practises of piety, he was for a time inclined to military life; but in 1720 planned the foundation of an order and assumed the name with the approval of the bishop of Alessandria. He then came forth as an itinerant preacher of penance, obtained papal sanction for his order and received novices in 1720, and was ordained priest in 1727. The first house of the order was established on the promontory of Argentaro in 1737. The order was confirmed by Benedict XIV in 1741, and again by Clement XIV- in 1769, and the latter assigned him the monastery of St. John and St. Paul at Monte Celio as the seat of his order. Paul was canonized in 1867 by Pius IX.
The members of the order take a fourth vow to promote a faithful observance of the salutary passion and death of Christ. Their emblem is the cross and a crown of thorns, and on the breast they wear the name of Christ. Pius VI., who in 1785 once more confirmed the rule with some mitigations, conferred upon them the mission of propagating Roman Catholicism, sending them first (1782) to Bulgaria and Wallachia. They are now scattered over eleven provinces in North and South America, Great Britain and Ireland, France and Belgium, Spain, and Australia; and number 100 houses and 2,000 members. Paul established the congregation of the female Passionists, which was reorganized by Magdalena Caponi in 1819. There are three houses and seventy members. (O. ZocklerI"-)
Bibliography: Heimbucher, Orden und Kongregationen, iii. 309-313; (Oischinger), Leben des Paul vom
Kreuze, Regensburg, 1846; J. C. Mitterrutzner, Der heilige Paul vom Kreuz, Innsbruck, 1860; Life of St. Paul of the Cross, Dublin, 1868; Luca di San Giuseppe, Vita della serva di Dio M. Maria crocifissa di Gesu, Civita-Vechia, 1878; KL, ix. 1719-20; the literature under Clement XIV.