THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
victory at Weissberg (Nov., 1620); but was stricken with paralysis while taking part, on Jan. 28, 1621, in a procession designed to solemnize the issue. Besides opulently endowing his brother's family, and thus enabling the Borghese to accumulate the greatest landed property ever in temporal hands within the Papal States, Paul bequeathed a valuable equipment to the city of Rome in his restoration of the great aqueduct which bears his name (Aqua Paola). K. Bbnrath.
Bibliography: Sources are: The bulls in Cherubini's Bullarium magnum, ill. 189 sqq.; A. Bzovio, Vita di Paolo V., in Platina, pp. 509 sqq., ed. of Cologne, 1626; A Declaration of the Variance between the Pope and the Segniory of Venice, London, 1606 (from the Italian of F. Manfredi) ; James I. of England, Triplici nodo, triplex cuneus: or an Apologie for the Oath of Allegiance against the two Breves of
Paul V., London, 1607; P. Sarpi, Hist, of the Quarrels of Pope Paul V. with . . . Venice (from the Italian), London 1626; idem, Neue Briefe (1608-1616), ed. K. Benrath, Leipl sic, 1909. Consult: Ranke, Popes, ii. 106 sqq., iii. nos. 79 81; E. Cornet, Paolo V. e la Republica Veneta, Vienna! 1859; T. A. Trollope, Paul the Pope and Paul the Friar, London, 1860; S. R. Gardiner, Hist, of England 1603-16', pp. 278 sqq., London, 1863; A. von Reumont, Geschicht'e der Stadt Rom, iii. 2, pp. 605 sqq., Berlin, 1870; Cappelletti, / Gesuiti e la Repvbblica de Venezia, Venice, 1873- B. Cecchetti, La repubblica di Venezia e la corte di Roma, ii. 403 sqq., Venice, 1874; N. Barozzi and G. Berchet, Relazione delta corte di Roma, vol. i., Venice, 1877; M. Brosch Geschichte des Kirchenstaates, i. 851 sqq., Gotha, 1880- F. H. Reusch, Der Index der verbotenen Biicher, passim, especially ii. 319 sqq., 327 sqq., 341 sqq., 355 sqq., Bonn, 1883; W. H. Frere, The English Church, 1568-1625, pp 286, 336, 380, London, 1904; H. C. Lea, Hist, of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages, vol. iii. passim, New York, 1906; idem, Hist, of the Inquisition of Spain, vols, ii.-iv. passim, ib. 1907; Bower, Popes, iii. 327-328.
I. Life.
1. Chronology.
Flight from Damascus (§1). Journey of Acts xi. 30 (§ 2). First Missionary Journey (§ 3). First Visit to Corinth (§4). Arrest in Jerusalem (§ 5). Conversion (§6).
2. Period before Conversion.
3. Conversion and Preparation for Mis-
sionary Service.
4. Paul the Missionary.
5. Contest with Judaism.
6. Paul's Gospel and Theology.
7. Paul the Martyr. Stated Facts (§1).
PAUL THE APOSTLE.
Probable Conjectures (§ 2). II. Epistles.
1. Preliminary Questions. External Testimony (§ 1). Internal Evidence (§ 2). Character of Epistles as a Collection
(§3). Not an Argument in a Circle
(§4). Paul's Personality (§ 5).
2. First Group.
I Thessalonians (§1).
II Thessalonians (§ 2).
3. Second Group; the " Quadrilateral." General Characteristics; Repulse of
Judaistic Attack (§ 1).
I Corinthians (§ 2). II Corinthians (§ 3). Galatians (§ 4). Romans (§ 5). Unity of Romans (§ 6). Criticism by Dutch School (§ 7).
4. Third Group; Prison Epistles. Philippians (§ 1).
The Pauline Style (§ 2). Colossians (§3). Ephesians (§ 4).
5. Pastoral Epistles.
The Release from Prison (§ 1). I Timothy (§ 2). II Timothy, Titus (§ 3).
I. Life. — 1. Chronology: The general course of events in Paul's life may be gathered from the Acts and from information which he himself gives in the epistles (Gal. i. 15— ii. 1; II Cor. xii. 2; Rom. xv. 23; Philemon 9) . Actual dates depend upon data which do not afford a single indisputable conclusion, yet, taken together, set definite limits to the field of choice. The data and the events which they thus approximately determine are as follows: On Paul's own testimony he escaped from Damascus in the time of a certain " Aretas the king " (II Cor. xi. 32), who must be the Nabatsean Aretas IV (see Aretas).
From inscriptions and coins it is gath-
from ered that the forty-eight*1 year of the
Damascus. reign of this Aretas IV- was 39 or 40
a.d. (cf. Gutschmid in J. Euting, Nabatdische Inschriften, pp. 84-85, 87-88, Berlin, 1885). Manifestly no terminus a quo is furnished herein, and a terminus ad quern only in the doubtful case that the forty-eighth year of Aretas' reign was the last. Nevertheless it is a common assumption on this basis that the flight from Damascus took place before 40 and the conversion (which occurred three years before the flight; Gal. i. 17-18; Acts ix. 23-28) before 37 a.d. (see § 6, below).
The facts known which bear on the end of Aretas' reign are (1) that his successor, Abias, ruled under Claudius (41- 54 a.d.); and (2) that Abias' successor, Malchus II. (called III. by Gutschmid) reigned c. 49-71 a.d. The " governor [Gk. ethnarches] under Aretas the king " of II Cor. xi. 32, is generally supposed to have been an official appointed by Aretas over Damascus and contiguous territory, and hence it is inferred that Damascus at the time of the flight belonged to the realm of Aretas. Both suppositions are conjectural. It is more probable that the ethnarch of Aretas was a Bed-
ouin chieftain subject to the Nabataean king, who with his tribe invaded Damascene territory and lay in wait for Paul before the city gate (cf. T. Zahn, in NKZ, 1904, pp. 34 sqq.). The expression " the city of the Damascenes " (II Cor. xi. 32) seems to show that Damascus at this time did not belong to Aretas. The theory that Damascus was given to the Nabataeans by Caligula (consequently after the death of Tiberius, Mar., 37 a.d.) and was taken away from them by Nero (consequently after Oct., 54 a.d.) has no other support than the inconclusive fact that no inscriptions or coins are known which show that Damascus belonged to the Roman empire in the years 35-62 a.d. That it did not belong to Aretas c. 35-37 a.d. seems a sound conclusion from the silence of Josephus concerning such a relation in Ant. XVIII., vi. 3, and v. 3. [But see Nabataeans II., § 2.]
In Acts xi. 30, there is mention of a journey of Paul and Barnabas from Antioch to Jerusalem, carrying contributions for the relief of the brethren in Judea. The narrative is then interrupted by an account of events in Jerusalem and 2- f°^ey Palestine, including the death of Herod
xi 3()S Agrippa !■> an<^ is resumed in Acts xii. 25, with the return of Paul and Barnabas to Antioch. From Josephus it is gathered that Agrippa died in 44 a.d. It was Passover time (Acts xii. 3); hence the journey occurred about the Passover of 44 a.d. It was probably after the Passover, but not very long. From this datum the beginning of the association of Paul and Barnabas may be determined. They labored together in Antioch "a whole year" (Acts xi. 26); if at the end of this year the journey took place which interrupted their work in Antioch, it was after the Passover of 43 a.d. that Barnabas brought Paul from Tarsus (Acts xi. 25-26); at any rate before the end of 43 a.d.