RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Paul
be the founder of our society." When he died, there passed away a powerful pope, one who had stamped his genius on the church organism of his time.
K. Benrath.
Bibliography: Sources: A. Caracciolo, De vita Pauli IV., Cologne, 1612; G. B. Castalso, Vita del Pontifice Paolo IV., Modona, 1618; P. S. Paolo, The Papacy of Paul IV., London, 1673; A. Andrea, Delia Guerra di Compagna di Roma e del Regno di Napoli nel pontificato di Paolo IV., in Raccolta . . del Regno di Napoli, vol. vil, 23 vols., Naples, 1769-1771; Archivio storico Italiano, vol. xii., Florence, 1847; a document of Caraffa's to the Venetian senate is in Rivista Cristiana, 1878. Consult further: Ranke, Popes, i. 213-241, iii. no. 29; J. Chantrel, Paul IV et la tyrannie papale, Paris, 1870; K. Benrath, in JPT, 1878; idem, Geschichte der Reformation, in Venedig, pp. 6-7, 114- 115, Halle, 1887; 0. Jensen, Giovanni Pietri Caraffa, Copenhagen, 1880; G. Duruy, Le Cardinal Carlo Carafa, 1519-61. Etude sur le pontificat de Paul IV., Paris, 1882; F. H. Reusch, Der Index der verbotenen Bilcher, passim, Bonn, 1883; J. Gairdner, The English Church in the Sixteenth Century, passim, London, 1903; H. C. Lea, Hist, of the Inquisition of Spain, vols, ii.-iv., passim, New York, 1907; Bower, Popes, iii. 318-319, and literature under Inquisition; and Paul III.
PaulV. (Camillo Borghese) : Pope 1605-21. He was born at Rome on Sept. 17, 1552; was trained at Perugia and Padua in canon law; entered the service of the Curia, first as abbreviator, then as referendary of signatures; and in 1588 he was vicelegate at Bologna. He succeeded so well with a legation to Spain, under Clement VIII. , that in 1596 he was duly rewarded with the purple. He became pope on May 16, 1605.
Quite at the outset he was called upon to pass decision in case of certain grave conflicts within the Church. The strife between Jesuits and Dominicans concerning the doctrine of grace (see Molina, Luis) was still active, and the new pope took sides with the Jesuits, and went at least so far toward a definition that he disallowed the teaching of Molina to be styled Pelagian. Furthermore, under date of Dec. 1, 1611, he forbade all published expression on the matter without papal approbation.
A still more deeply momentous conflict with the Venetian republic was brought to a head at the same season. The encroachment of the ecclesiastical tribunals had produced such soreness in that quarter that finally the decemvirate began to strike back. With reference to the legislation then in force, an edict of Mar. 26, 1605, had ruled that the building of churches, as well as the introduction of religious orders within the state, must be subject to express approval on the part of the republic. Two ecclesiastics, moreover, who had incurred some grave criminal charges were cited before the civil courts. The pope undertook to nullify this disposition of the case; and, under threat of the interdict, he demanded the prompt delivery of the accused to the spiritual court (Dec, 1605). The council standing firm, the interdict was declared (Apr. 17, 1606). On the Venetian side, the campaign was led by the Servite Paolo Sarpi (q.v.) ; and the council's firmness triumphed, since the interdict proved wholly a blank discharge. The Jesuits, Theatines, and Capuchins, who supported the pope's cause were expelled from the state's domain, while members of other orders and the secular clergy stayed in office. Eventually, France offered to mediate, whereupon the chief point of dispute
was waived by the transfer of the two accused ecclesiastics to the French ambassador, with the express proviso that the right of the republic to try all inhabitants be kept intact. The republic refused either to seek or to receive absolution. This was none the less bestowed, in the name of the pope, on the doge and the council, by Cardinal Joyeuse, on Apr. 21, 1607, in his declaration that the pope repealed all measures that had been instituted against Venice.
Simultaneously with the Venetian quarrel, Paul "incurred strife with England. In that country, after the Gunpowder Plot (q.v.), which was charged on the Roman Catholic party, parliament had enjoined upon all Englishmen the oath that they would never assent to the doctrine whereby the pope could dispose kings or nullify subjects' oath of allegiance. Paul forbade this oath (1606 and 1607), whereupon there ensued a controversy involving, on the one side, King James himself, on the other, Bellarmine (q.v.). This dispute as to the scope of the papal authority was transplanted to France as well, when Henry IV fell a victim to the assassin Ravaillac (1610). What was Paul's mind in this case appears from his remark to the envoy from Flanders: " This was the Lord's doing, because he was given to a reprobate understanding." Forasmuch as the Jesuit Mariana, in his tract De rege et regis institutione (Mainz, 1605), defended the murder of heretical kings, parliament ordered that work to be burned by the public executioner, and also prohibited Bellarmine's attack on James I. But this was not the end of the contest. In 1611, when Edmund Richer, in his treatise De ecclesiastica et politica potestate, gave expression to the Gallican ideas, the Jesuit Suarez retaliated with a fresh assault on James I., thereby winning the pope's highest praise; whereas it was only by special negotiations that Marie de Medicis, as guardian of Louis XIII., could be induced to withhold acceptance of the French parliament's decree, which practically countenanced the circulation of Richer's document by forbidding its annulment J(cf. F H. Reusch, Der Index der verbotenen Bilcher, ii. 355- 356, Bonn, 1883).
Amid strifes in such number, Paul was twice afforded the opportunity of working in behalf of peace; in Spain, from 1606 downward, and in Germany, before the Thirty Years' War (q.v.). The situation in Spain turned on the forcible expulsion of the Moors. In 1608, the Dominican Bleda endeavored to justify, with his Defensio fidei, the somewhat maturely contemplated measure which Cardinal Richelieu described as " the most barbarous procedure in the annals of humanity " (Memoires du Cardinal de Richelieu, i. 86, Paris, 1836), and the Roman commissioners endorsed the project, notwithstanding that Paul had earlier counseled a pacific agreement. It was, accordingly, in the spirit of this " hideous book " (H. C. Lea, Hist, of the Inquisition of Spain, iii. 388, New York, 1907), that Philip III. set to work, confiscating vast properties of the Moors, and driving hundreds of thousands to misery. In Germany Paul urged the Roman Catholic powers into war with Frederick Palatine, promised them support, and survived the
Paul the Apostle