THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
of Rome, ii. 305 sqq., London, 1894; P. Kehr, Chronologie der Briefe Pauls I. im Codex Carolinus, in Gottinger philologische X achrichten, 1896, pp. 103-157; W. Gundlach, Die Entstehung des Kirchenstaates, Breslau, 1899; Bower, Popes, ii. 109-114; Milman, Latin Christianity, ii. 428; Platina, Popes, i. 172-174; Hefele, Conciliengeschichte, iii. 420, 431 sqq.; Hauck, KD, ii. 18, note 3 (for supplementary bibliography) ; literature under Papal States.
Paul II. (PietroBarbo): Pope 1464-71. He was born at Venice 1418, and was a nephew of Pope Eugenius IV His adoption of the spiritual career was prompted by his uncle's election as pope. His promotion was rapid; he became a cardinal in 1440, and was unanimously elected pope on Aug. 30, 1464, to succeed Pius II. His oath on taking office obligated him to abolish the prevalent nepotism in the Curia, to improve the morals there, to prosecute the war on the Turks, and to convene an ecumenical council within three years. But these terms of subscription were modified by Paul at his own discretion, and this action lost him the confidence of the sacred college. Consequently, when in 1466, designing to eliminate redundant offices, Paul proceeded to annul the college of abbreviators, whose function it was to formulate papal documents, a storm of indignation arose, inasmuch as rhetoricians and poets had long been accustomed to buy in the reversion of such positions. Platina (q.v.), who was one of these, wrote a threatening letter to the pope, and was imprisoned but discharged; in 1467 he was again imprisoned on the charge of having participated in a conspiracy against the pope, and was subjected to torture, being accused, along with other abbreviators, of pagan views. In retaliation, Platina, in his Vitce pontificurn, set forth an unfavorable delineation of the character of Paul II. It is certain that Paul was an opposer of the humanists, was second to none in making provision for popular amusements, and displayed an extravagant love of splendor. But justice requires notice of his strict sense of equity, his reforms in the municipal administration, and his fight against official bribery and traffic in posts of dignity.
In statecraft, Paul lacked eminence and achieved nothing of consequence for Italy. In his own domain, however, he terminated, in 1465, the predatory regime of the counts of Anguillara. In the matter of war on the Turks, the one sovereign who might have taken the lead, King George Podiebrad of Bohemia, was rejected by the pope, and prosecuted as heretic because he sustained the conventions of Basel (see Huss, John) in favor of the Utraquists. In August, 1465, he summoned Podiebrad before his Roman tribunal, and, when the king failed to come, leagued himself with the insurgents in Bohemia, and released the king's subjects from the oath of allegiance. In December, 1466, he pronounced the ban of excommunication and sentence of deposition against Podiebrad. When ultimately the king's good success was disposing the pope in favor of reconciliation, Paul II. died, on Mar. 22, 1471.
K. Benrath.
Bibliography: Sources: Of prime importance is the continuation of the Commentarii Pius II., by J. Ammanati, and the latter's Epistolre in the Frankfort, 1614, ed. of the Commentarii; Gaspar Veronensis, De gestis Pauli II., book i., in G. L. Marini, Archiatri pontificii, ii. 178 sqq., Rome, 1784, books ii.-iv. in Muratori, Scriptores, iii. 2, pp. 102#
sqq.; Muratori, ut sup., pp. 993 sqq., contains a Vita by M. Canensius; A. M. Quirini, Pavli II. Vita, Rome, 1740; A. Ciaconius, Vitce . pontificurn Romanorum, ii. 1069- 1070, Rome, 1677. Consult: Pastor, Popes, iv. 1-196, documents are reproduced, pp. 475-505 (the footnotes afford a most complete bibliography) ; Creighton, Papacy, iv. 4-60; F. Papencordt, Geschichte der Stadt Rom im Mittelalter, Paderborn, 1857; J. Palacky, Geschichte von Bbhmen, vols, iv.-v., Prague, 1860-65; M. Jordan, Das Kbnigtum Georgs von Podiebrad, pp. 184 sqq., Leipsic, 1861; Petrucelli della Gattina, Histoire diplomatique des conclaves, i. 285 sqq., Paris, 1864; A. von Reumont, Geschichte der Stadt Rom, iii., i„ pp. 152 sqq., Berlin, 1867; J. Burckhardt, Geschichte der Renaissance in Italien, Stuttgart, 1878; idem, Die Cultur der Renaissance in Italien, 2 vols., Leipsic, 1877-78; Von Hofler, in Archiv fiir osterreichische Geschichtskunde, xii. 328 sqq.; idem, in Siteungsberichte Wiener Akademie, historische Klasse, xcvi., 1881 ; De l'Epinois, in Revue des questions historiques, 1886, pp. 278 sqq.; W. Barry, The Papal Monarchy, pp. 83-85, New York, 1902; Platina, Popes, ii. 275-296 (cf. remark in text); Bower, Popes, iii. 244-248.
Paul III. (Alessandro Farnese): Pope 1534-49. He was born at Carino, in Tuscany, and came through his mother from the Gaetani family, which had also produced Bonifacius VIII. He received his instruction at Rome and Florence from distinguished humanists, and became a prothonotary at the Curia under Innocent VIII. From Alexander VI. he received rapid promotion, becoming cardinal in 1493. He came near succeeding Leo X. and Adrian VI. Under Clement VII. he became cardinal bishop of Portus (Ostia) and dean of the sacred college, and on the death of Clement VII., in 1534, received election as pope.
His first appointment to the cardinalate on Dec. 18, 1534, made it clear that nepotism had come to the front once more; since the red hat fell to his nephews Alessandro Farnese and Ascanio Sforza, aged fourteen and sixteen years respectively; yet subsequent appointments included Gasparo Contarini, Sadoleto, Pole, and Giovanni Pietro Caraffa, subsequently Pope Paul IV- (q.v.). Paul III. was in earnest in the matter of improving the ecclesiastical situation, and on June 2, 1536, he issued a bull convoking a general council to sit at Mantua in 1537. But at the very start the German Protestant estates declined to send any delegates to a council in Italy, while the duke of Mantua himself put forth such large requirements that Paul first deferred for a year and then discarded the whole project. In 1536 Paul invited nine eminent prelates, distinguished by learning and piety alike, to act in committee and to report as to the reformation and rebuilding of the Church. In 1537 they turned in their celebrated Concilium de emendenda ecclesia (in J. le Plat, Monumenta ad historiam Concilii Tridentini, ii. 596-597, Louvain, 1782), exposing gross abuses in the Curia, in the church administration and public worship; and proffering many a bold and earnest word in behalf of abolishing such abuses. This report, was printed not only at Rome, but at Strasburg and elsewhere. But to the Protestants it seemed far from thorough; Luther had his edition (1538) prefaced with a vignette showing the cardinals cleaning the Augean stable of the Roman Church with their foxtails instead of with lusty brooms. Yet the pope was in earnest when he took up the problem of reform. He clearly perceived that the emperor would not rest until the problem were grappled in