RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Salvation Army Salvius
[In Germany in 1911 the army reports 190 stations, with twenty-eight institutions for social betterment, including twelve homes for men, seven rescue homes for women, and three " Samaritan homes," besides kindergartens and other organized means of help.]
In the United States work was begun in 1880 by Commissioner George Railton and seven women officers. It reports 896 corps and outposts, 3,875 officers and employees, 75 workingmen's hotels, 4 women's hotels, and in these accommodation for 6,592 is furnished nightly, and 1,961,677 beds each year, 20 food depots, 107 industrial homes, 3 farm colonies with 2,000 colonized and 350 colonists; there are 20 employment bureaus which furnish work for 1,500 persons each month, 107 secondhand stores, 4 children's homes, 4 day-nurseries, and 23 slum settlements. In a single year in the United States 309,591 persons were afforded temporary relief, summer outings were given to 3,972 mothers and 24,373 children, employment was found for 65,124 men and 5,355 women, 1,593,834 pounds of ice and 4,579,788 pounds of coal were distributed. Regular visitation of prisons, workhouses, and hospitals is also carried on. At the Paris Exposition a gold medal was awarded the organization for the United States exhibit of the Salvation Army's operations among the poor. Wm. H. Cox.
Bibliography: Besides the literature by members of the Booth family (see Booth, Catheeine Mumfokd, and William, and Booth Tucker, Emma Moss, and Frederick St. George de Latour), which is currently published and obtainable at the principal Salvation Army depots, and the literature under the articles on the Booths, consult: J. E. Butler, The Salvation Army in Switzerland, London, 1883; T. Kolde, Die Heilsarmee, Erlangen, 1885; I. Pestalozzi, Was ist die Heils-Armee, Halle, 1886; E. R. Swift, Drum Taps, London, 1887; J. O. Bairstow, Sensational Religion, London, 1890; B. Booth, From Ocean to Ocean; or, the Salvation Army's March from the Atlantic to the Pacific, New York, 1891; J. Fehr, Die Heilsarmee, Frankfort, 1891; Sir W. Besant, The Farm and the City. A Study of the social Work of the Salvation Army, London, 1900; J. Page, General Booth, ib. 1901; G. S. Railton, Hist, of our South American War, ib. 1902; J. Hollins, The Salvation Army: a Study of its Defects and Possibilities, ib. 1903; F. St. G. de L. Booth Tucker, The Consul: a Sketch of Emma Booth-Tucker, ib. 1904; H. R. Haggard, The Poor and the Land; a Report on the Salvation Army Colonies, ib. 1905; idem, Regeneration; being an Account of the Social Work of the Salvation Army in Great Britain, ib. 1910; A. Goodrich, Life and Work of General Booth; Story of the Salvation Army, ib. 1906; J. Manson, Salvation Army and the Public; a religious, social and financial Study, New York, 1907 (criticizes Army's methods in Great Britain); Hulda Friederichs, The Romance of the Salvation Army, London, 1908; G. S. Railton, Day by Day in the Salvation Army. Being a brief Account of Salvation Army Work in various Countries, ib. 1910; Orders and Regulations for FieCd Officers, ib. 1886; Salvation Army Year Book, 'annually published at London.
SAL VI ANUS, sal-vi-e'nus: Presbyter of Marseilles; b. probably at Treves about 400; d. after 480. He came of a highly respected, and probably Christian, family, but married a pagan wife. After her conversion, the pair bound themselves to continence. Salvianus' ascetic tendencies opened the way for him to the monastic circles of southern Gaul, where he formed a close friendship with Eucherius, later bishop of Lyons. During the latter portion of his life Salvianus was a presbyter at Marseilles.
Gennadius {De vir. ill., Lxviii.) knew of the follow-
ing writings of Salvianus: De virginitatis bono ad Marcellum presbyterum; Adversus avaritiam; De prcesenti judicio, and Pro eorum merito satisfactionis ad Salonium episcopum (the latter title apparently corrupt) . Of these, except for nine letters, only the Adversus avaritiam and the De prazsenti judicio (usually known as the De gubernatione Dei) are extant (ed. C. Halm, MGH, Auct. ant., I., i. 1877; F. Pauly, CSEL, viii.). The letters are fragments of a collection which was originally large. Of the other two works the Adversus avaritiam is the older. It appeared pseudonymously as Timothei ad ecclesiam libri quatuor, and contributes to knowledge of the moral ideals of monasticism in the fifth century, and of the gulf between ordinary Christians and ascetics. Stress is laid by Salvianus on poverty, i.e., on the communism of the primitive Church. The religious were urged to renounce their earthly possessions and were exhorted to leave their wealth to the Church, this being recommended for the moral effect which such action would produce. The De gubernatione passes judgment on contemporary conditions from the same point of view, and was written, in all probability, between 439 and 451. Gennadius, about 480, knew of only five books, but the work as now extant breaks off abruptly in the eighth book. Its purpose is to show why God, in the struggle between the Empire and the barbarians, seemed to take the side of Arians or pagans against Catholics. This was due to divine judgment on the degeneracy of the Romans, a thought ever reiterated by the author. Yet his very unworldliness freed him from many of the prejudices of his time. He could be fair to pagans, and even to heretics; and was as exempt from contempt for barbarians and slaves as he was unbiased in judgment on the Romans and the rich. He was keenly aware of the evil conditions of social and economic affairs, and in this lies the historical value of his pictures of the period. (A. Hauck.)
Bibliography: W. Zschimmer, Salvianus, der Presbyter von Massilia, und seine Schriften, Halle, 1875; F. X. Hirner, Commentatio de Salviano ejusque libellis, Freising, 1869; A. Ebert, Allgemeine Geschichte der Literatur des Mittelalters, i. 459 sqq., Leipsic, 1889; J. B. Ullrich, De Salviani scriptures sacrce versionibus, Neustadt, 1892; A. Hammerle, Studien zu Salvian, Priester von Massilia, Landshut, 1893; G. Valran, Quare Salvianus presbyter Massiliensis magister episcoporum a Gennadio dictus sit, Paris, 1899; F. Pauly, in the Sitzungsberichte of the Vienna Academy, xcviii., part 1; Bardenhewer, Patrologie, pp. 533-535, Eng. transl., St. Louis, 1908; Hist, litteraire de la France, ii. 517 sqq.; DCB, iv. 580; Hauck, KD, i. 66-71 ; Schaff, Christian Church, iii. 88-89.
SALVIUS: Name of several bishops.
1. Donatist bishop of Membresa (Membrissa, Membressa; 45 m. from Carthage) in the last decade of the fourth century. He was one of the ordainers of Maximianus and practised rebaptism (Augustine, Contra epistolam Parmiani, iii. 22), was deposed as a heretic, but resisted and the civil power was called in to execute the decision. Salvius was greatly beloved by his townsmen, consequently the populace of a neighboring town (Abitina) forcibly carried out the decree (398), so heaping insults and contumely as to lead Augustine strongly to condemn it (Augustine, ut sup., iii. 29). This father often refers to his case.
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