RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Scholten Schorting-huis
ized by a blind impulse which actualizes itself in the infinite variety of living forms in the world. The " will to live " describes this all-impelling force. Hence arises the fierce instinct of self-preservation by which every individual is ruled, and also the relentless warfare in which every individual both seeks to defend himself and to devour others. If in man the intelligence is more fully developed and the sensibilities more refined, this only deepens his consciousness not alone of actual but also of imagined and therefore of possible misery. The more complex the life, the more aggravated the wretchedness. Not joy, but unhappiness is life's positive content. Even freedom from pain results in ennui. Morality is impossible. The instinct of self-preservation becomes self-seeking, vanity, hypocrisy; and however the will may seem to be refined by culture, this is only apparent; it is hopelessly fettered and can not be changed by training. History but confirms the impression made by an analysis of man's nature. A hope of redemption appears to be offered by science, and especially by art, which opens the door to contemplation in which the intense struggle for existence is momentarily stilled. But even this promise is illusory; for the initiated it simply puts off the evil day, for all others it is wholly unavailing. The only sure path to emancipation lies in renouncing the will to live. He who beholds all others in this vast vortex and knows that for them as well as for himself deliverance can come only through supreme and final renunciation of the principium individuationis, will dedicate himself to asceticism, to disillusionment as to pleasure, to total abstention from sexual intercourse and ultimately from food. C. A. Beckwith.
Bibliography: English transls. other than those noted in the text are: Select Essays, Milwaukee, 1881; Religion: a Dialogue, and other Essays, London, 1889 (from Parerga). The Wisdom of Life, being the First Part of . Aphorismenzur Lebensweisheit, ib. 1890; Counsels and Maxims; Being the second Part of . . Aphorismen zur Lebensweisheit, ib. 1890; The Art of Controversy, New York, 1890; Selected Essays, London, 1891 (in Bohn's Philosophical Library); The Art of Literature, London, 1891; Studies in Pessimism, ib. 1891, 7th ed., 1906; On Human Nature, London and New York, 1897, 3d ed., 1906; and The Basis of Morality, London, 1903.
As sources for a life use: Briefwechsel zwischen Arthur Schopenhauer und Johann Aug. Becker, ed. J. K. Becker, Leipsic, 1881; Schopenhauer-Briefe, ed. L. Schemann, ib. 1893; Brief e an Becker, Frauenstadt, Van Doss, Lindner und Asher, ed. Grisebach, Leipsic, 1895. On his life consult: J. Frauenstadt and E. O. Lindner, Arthur Schopenhauer: von ihm, uber ihn, Berlin, 1863; W. Gwinner, Schopenhauer und seine Freunde, Leipsic, 1863 ; D. Asher, Arthur Schopenhauer: Neues von ihm und uber ihn, Berlin, 1871; H. Frommann, Arthur Schopenhauer, Jena, 1872; W. Gwinner, Arthur Schopenhauer aus persbnlichem Umgange dargestellt, Leipsic, 1878; K. Bahr, Gesprache und Briefwechsel mit A. Schopenhauer, Leipsic, 1894; ADB, xxxii. 333-346.
On his philosophy consult: F. Dorguth, Schopenhauer in seiner Wahrheit, Magdeburg, 1845; C. Bartholmess, Histoire critique des doctrines religieuses de la philosophic moderne, vol. ii., Strasburg, 1855; A. Cornill, Arthur Schopenhauer als eine Uebergangs formation von einer idealistischen in eine realistische Weltanschauung, Heidelberg, 1856; C. G. Bahr, Die schopenhauer'sche Philosophic in ihren Grundzugen, Dresden, 1857; R. Seydel, Schopenhauers philosophisches System, Leipsic, 1857; G. de Spiegel, L'Esprit de la philosophic de Schopenhauer, Darmstadt, 1863; R. Haym, Arthur Schopenhauer, Berlin, 1864; C. A. Thilo, Schopenhauers ethischer Atheismus,
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Leipsic, 1868; W. Scheffer, Arthur Schopenhauer: die Philosophic van het Pessimisme, Leyden, 1870; A. von Wurzbach, Artur Schopenhauer, Vienna, 1871; A. Taubert, Der Pessimismus und seine Gegner, Berlin, 1873; M. Venetianer, Schopenhauer als Scholastiker, ib. 1873; J. Huber, Der Pessimismus, Munich, 1876; T. Trautz, Der Pessimismus: seine Begrundung in der neueren Philosophic Carlsruhe, 1876; Helen Zimmern, Arthur Schopenhauer: his Life and his Philosophy, London, 1876; F. Bowen, Modern Philosophy. From Descartes to Schopenhauer and Hartmann. New York, 1877; E. Dilhring, Der Werth des Lebens, 2d ed., Breslau, 1877; idem, Kritische Geschichte der Philosophic Berlin, 3d ed., Leipsic, 1878; E. von Hartmann, Neukantianismus, Schopenhauerianismus und H egelianismus in ihrer Stellung zu den philosophischen Aufgaben der Gegenwart, Berlin, 1877; E. Herrmann, Woher und wohinf Schopenhauer's Antwort auf die letzten Lebensfragen, Bonn, 1877; J. Sully, Pessimism: a History and a Criticism, London, 1877; L. von Golther, Der moderne Pessimismus, Leipsic, 1878; E. Caro, Le Pessimisme au xix. siecle: Leopardi, Schopenhauer, Hartmann, Paris, 1879; P. Mainlander, Die Philosophie der Erlosung, Berlin, 1879; L. Ducros, Schopenhauer: les origines de sa metaphysique, ou les transformations de la "chose en soi" de Kant a Schopenhauer, Paris, 1883; R. Koeber, Die Philosophie Arthur Schopenhauers, Heidelberg, 1888; O. Cramer, A. Schopenhauers Lehre von der Schuld in ethischen Beziehungen, ib. 1S95; W. Caldwell, Schopenhauer's System in its Philosophical Significance, Edinburgh and New York, 1896; S. S. Colvin, Schopenhauer' s Doctrine of the Thing in Itself, Strasburg, 1897; R. Bottger, Das Grundproblem der Schopenhauer' schen Philosophie, Greifswald, 1898; O. Damm, Schopenhauers Ethik, Annaberg, 1898; M. Joseph, Die psychologische Grundanschauung Schopenhauers, ib. 1898; W. Deutschthumler, Ueber Schopenhauer zu Kant, Vienna, 1899; P. J. Mobius, Ueber Schopenhauer, Leipsic, 1899; S. Rappaport, Spinoza und Schopenhauer, Berlin, 1899; E. Clemens, Schopenhauer und Spinoza, Leipsic, 1900; R. Saitschick, Genie und Charakter, Shakespeare, Lessing, Schopenhauer, Berlin, 1900; J. Volkelt, Arthur Schopenhauer, Stuttgart, 1900; O. Damm, Schopenhauer' s Rechts- und Staatsphilosophie, Halle, 1901; T. B. Saunders, Schopenhauer, London and New York, 1901; R. Schluter, Schopenhauers Philosophie in seiner Briefen, Leipsic, 1901; E. Hubbard, Schopenhauer, London, 1905; D. Irvine, Defence of Pessimism, ib. 1905; A. Kowalenski, Arthur Schopenhauer und seine Weltanschauung, Halle, 1908; T. Whittaker, Schopenhauer, ib. 1909; R. Bazardjian, Schopenhauer der Philosoph des Optimismus. Leipsic, 1909; G. F. Wagner, Encyklopadisches Register zu Schopenhauers Werken, Carlsruhe, 1909; J. Muhlethaler, Die Mystik bei Schopenhauer, Berlin, 1910; G. Weng, Schopenhauer, Darwin, Pessimismus oder Optimismus, ib. 1910; the works on the history of philosophy by E. Zeller, Munich, 1873; J. E. Erdmann, London, 1898; W. Windelband, New York, 1893; and Ueberweg-Heinze, Berlin, 1905.
SCHORTINGHUIS, sher"ting'hwis, WILLEM: Dutch Reformed poet and theologian; b. at Winschoten (21 m. e.s.e. of Groningen) Feb. 23, 1700; d. at Midwolda (18 m. e. of Groningen) Nov. 20, 1750. He was educated at the University of Groningen (1719-22), and early in 1723 became second preacher at Weener in East Frisia, where his antipathy to Pietism was changed to admiration by his senior, Henricus Klugkist. Through the exertions of the two, the pietistic movement spread widely in the province among Lutherans and Reformed alike, promoting both the inward and the outward prosperity of the church. In 1734 Schortinghuis was called to the pastorate of Midwolda, where he passed the remainder of his life, successfully promoting the cause of true piety. Though far from being a poet, Schortinghuis began his literary career by his Geestelike gesangen (1733), which was soon followed by his Bevindelike gesangen, hymns of edifying and didactic purport which long
Schott Schubert