RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Schuerer Schultze
SCHULTHESS, shul'thess, JOHANNES: Swiss Protestant theologian; b. at Zurich Sept. 28, 1763; d. there Nov. 10, 1836. He studied theology at the Carolinum in Zurich. His main interest in early life was the development of the public school system. His Kinderbibel des Alien Testaments (Zurich, 1813) and Schweizerischer Kinderfreund (1812-13) were long valued text-books. In 1796 he became professor of Greek and Latin, in 1816 of theology, with the title and position of canon of the cathedral. He worked with great industry at the exegesis of the New Testament and wrote Exegetisch-theologische Forschungen (3 vols., 1818-24), and a commentary on James (1824). In collaboration with J. K. von Orelli he published Rationalismus und Supranaturalismus, Kanon, Tradition und Skription (1822); and Revision des kirchlichen Lehrbegriffs (1826). For a time he edited the periodical Annalen founded by Wachler. His critical historical views appear most clearly in his last work, Vorlesungen iiber das historische Christentum nach der wissenschaftlichen Ansicht des 19. Jahrhunderts (1837).
Schulthess took part in the controversy that broke out in the second decade of the nineteenth century concerning the Lord's Supper, and wrote Evangelische Lehre von demfreien Gnadenmahl, ein Beitrag zur Vereinigung der evangelischen Kirchen (1818), and Die evangelische Lehre vom heiligen Abendmahl (1824). He regarded himself as the representative of the genuine Zwinglian doctrine and as such he opposed ultramontanism and "all mysticism and pietism. " He wrote in 1815 Das Unchristliche und Vernunftwidrige, geistig und sittlich Ungesunde mehrerer Biichlein, die seit einiger Zeit von der Traktatgesellschaft in Basel und ihren Freunden heimlich ausgestreut werden. He was preeminently of a polemical nature, although in private intercourse a genial companion and tolerant of the opinions of others. In contrast with his theological liberalism and progressiveness was his political conservatism. After the establishment of the Zurich university in 1833, he was appointed extraordinary professor of New-Testament exegesis and catechetics. Among his great services to science and the Church was his editing and publishing, together with his friend Schuler, the works of Zwingli (11 parts with supplement, Zurich, 1828-61).
(P. CmusTt.)
Bibliography: J. Schulthess (his son), Denkschrift zur hundertjahrigen Jiibelfeier der Stiftung des schulthesschen Familienfcrnds, Zurich, 1859; A. Schweizer, Biographische Aufzeichnungen, ed. P Schweizer, ib. 1889.
SCHULTZ, shults, FRIEDRICH WILHELM:
Protestant theologian; b. at Friesack (33 m. n.w. of Potsdam), Mark Brandenburg, Sept. 24, 1828; d. at Breslau, 1888. He studied at Berlin, 1847-51; became privat-docent there, 1853; professor extraordinary, 1856; and ordinary professor, 1864, at Breslau. He wrote Das Deuteronomium erkldrt (Berlin, 1859); Die Schopfungsgeschichte nach Naturwissenschaft und Bibel (Gotha, 1865) ; the comments on Ezra. Nehemiah, and Esther, in J. P. Lange's Commentary (Bielefeld, 1876); and with W Strack prepared the commentary on Psalms and Proverbs (Munich, 1888) in Kurzgefasstes Kommentar.
SCHULTZ, HERMANN: German Lutheran; b. at Luchow (37 m. s.e. of Liineburg) Dec. 30, 1836; d. at Gottingen May 15, 1903. He was educated at the universities of Gottingen and Erlangen (1853- 1856), and, after being a private tutor at Hamburg for two years, returned to Gottingen as a lecturer in theology, becoming privat-docent in 1861. In 1864 he was called to Basel as full professor, and in 1872 accepted a similar position at the reorganized University of Strasburg. In 1874-76 he was professor of theology at Heidelberg, but in the latter year was recalled to Gottingen, where he passed the remainder of his life. He was created a consistorial counselor in 1881 and abbot of Bursfelde in 1890, and was also first university preacher and director of the seminary for practical theology, although his lectures were on the Old Testament and all departments of systematic theology.
In 1863 Schultz published at Frankfort the second edition of H. A. C. Havernick's Vorlesungen iiber die Theologie des Alten Testaments, but his most important contribution to this theme was his Alttestamentliche Theologie (2 vols., Frankfort, 1869; 5th ed., 1896; Eng. transl. from the 4th ed. by J. A. Paterson, Edinburgh, 1892), in the successive editions of which he passed from the position of Ewald to that of Graf. Problems of Biblical theology often led him to discuss questions in systematic theology, as is shown by his Voraussetzungen der christlichen Lehre von der Unsterblichkeit (Gottingen, 1861). The majority of the dogmatic studies of Schultz were connected with Christology and the cognate theme of the theory of the atonement, these investigations reaching their culmination in the Lehre von der Gottheit Christi (Gotha, 1881), the conclusions of which were in substantial accord with the Communicatio idiomatum (q.v.), while the whole work, though independent of Ritschl, was distinctly Ritschlian in spirit. Of the other dogmatic contributions of Schultz the most important was his Studien und Kritiken zur Lehre vom heiligen Abendmahl (Gotha, 1886), which was practically a defense of the old Lutheran position. The versatility and receptivity of his theology find an admirable exemplification in his Grundriss der christlichen Apologetik (Gottingen, 1894; Eng. transl., London, 1905), which followed his Grundriss der evangelischen Dogmatik (Gottingen, 1890) and Grundriss der evangelischen Ethik (1891). In these three works he sought to reach others than those who attended hie lectures, and the same spirit of practical Christianity was manifested in his Zu den kirchlichen Fragen der Gegenwart (Frankfort, 1869), as well as in his volumes of sermons, Predigten, gehalten in der Unvversitdtskirche zu Gottingen (Gotha, 1882) and Aus dem Universitdtsgottesdienst (2 vols., Gottingen, 1902-03). He did not, however, establish a distinct school, although he never lacked pupils who gratefully acknowledged the debt which they owed him. (Ebebhard Vischee.)
Bibliography: The Expository Times, July, 1903; Beweis des Glaubens, Sept.-Oct., 1904.
SCHULTZE, shult'se, AUGUSTUS: Moravian; b. at Nowawes (a suburb of Potsdam), Prussia, Feb. 3, 1840. He was graduated from the Moravian
Schultze Scbwabacb