SCHUBERT, HANS GEORG WILHELM VON:
German Protestant; b. at Dresden Dec. 12, 1859. He was educated at the universities of Leipsic, Bonn, Strasburg, and Zurich (1878-83; Ph.D., Strasburg, 1884); was private tutor in Elberfeld (1883-84) ; studied theology at Tubingen and Halle (1884-86); was a teacher in the Rauhes Haus, Hamburg (1887-91); associate professor of church history at Strasburg (1891-92); professor of the same subject at the University of Kiel (1892-1906), and since 1906 at the University of Heidelberg, of which he was rector in 1910. Besides revising the second edition of the first volume of W. Mailer's Lehrbuch der Kirchengeschichte (3 parts, Tubingen, 1897-1902), he has written Die Unterwerfung der Alamannen unter die Franken (Strasburg, 1884) ; Ronis Kampf um die Weltherrschaft (Halle, 1888) ;
Schuerer Schultze
THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
Die evangehsche Trauung, ihre geschichtliche Entwicklung und gegenwartige Bedeutung (Berlin, 1890) ; Die Komposition des pseudopetrinischen Evangelien- Fragments (1893); Das Petrusevangelium, synoptische Tabelle, ?iebst Uebersetzung und kritischem Apparat (1893; Eng. transl., "The Gospel of St. Peter," Edinburgh, 1S93); Die Entstehung der schleswig-holstein'schen Landeskirche (Kiel, 1895) ; Sicbenbiirgcn (Tubingen, 1900); Ansgar und die Anfdnge der schleswig-holstein'schen Kirchengeschichte (Kiel, 1901); Die hcutige Auffassung und Behandlung der Kirchengeschichte (Tubingen, 1902); Der sogenannte PraxLestinatus (Leipsic, 1903); Grundziige der Kirchengeschichte (Tubingen, 1904, 3d ed., 1906; Eng. transl., Outlines of Church History, London, 1907) ; Hamburg, die Missionsmetropole des Nordens im Mittelalter (1904); Kurze Geschichle der christlichen Liebestdtigkeit (1905) ; Kirchengeschichte Schleswig-Holsteins, part 1 (1907); Biindniss und Bekenntniss 1529-1530 (1908); Beitrdge zur Geschichte der evangelischen Bekenntnis- und Bilndnissbildung (1909); Calvin. .Rede (1909); and Bekenntnisbildung und Religionspolitik (1910).
SCHUERER, shu'rer, EMIL: German Protestant; b. at Augsburg May 2, 1844; d. at Gottingen Apr. 30, 1910. He studied at the universities of Erlangen, Berlin, and Heidelberg (1862-66); Ph.D., Leipsic, 1868). He was privat-docent for theology at the University of Leipsic (1869-73); and associate professor of the same subject (1873-78); accepted a call to Giessen as full professor (1878); and at Kiel (1890); and professor of New-Testament exegesis at Gottingen after 1895. In theology he was an adherent of the moderate historical and critical school. He wrote: Schleiermachers Religionsbegriff und die philosophischen Aussetzungen desselben (Leipsic, 1868) ; De controversies paschalibus secundo post Christum natum sceculo exortis (1869); Lehrbuch der neutestamentlichen Zeitgeschichte (1874), which in the later editions, entitled Geschichte des judischen Volkes im Zeitalter Jesu Christi (3 vols., 1886-90; 4th ed., 1909; Eng. transl. by J. Macpherson, S. Taylor, and P. Christie, A History of the Jewish People in the Time of Jesus Christ, 5 vols., Edinburgh, 1890-91), has become one of the leading authorities on its subject; Die Gfmf'indeverfassung der Juden in Rom in der Kaiscrzeit nach den Inschriften dargestellt (Leipsic, 1879); Die Predigt Jesu Christi in ihrem Verhaltnis zum Alten Testament und zum Judentum (Darmstadt, 1882); Die altesten Christen gemeinden im romischen Reiche (Kiel, 1894) ; and Das messianische Selbstbewusstsein Jesu (Gottingen, 1904).
SCHUERMANN, shur'man, ANNA MARIA VON: Patroness of Jean de Labadie (q.v.); b. at Cologne Nov. 5, 1607; d. at Wienwert (37 m. w.s.w. of Groningen) May 4, 1678. She early showed extraordinary mental capacity, especially for linguistics, and was celebrated for skill in music, drawing, painting, carving, wax-modeling, and etching. Her brother, Jan Gottschalk, who had become acquainted with Labadie in Geneva, and believed he was called to reform the Church, inspired her with the same conviction. She joined Labadie when he visited the Netherlands and became a
member of his household in Amsterdam, a step that cost her all her old friends. She revoked all her former writings, wrote defenses of Labadie and his congregation, and supported him with her wealth. The relations between her and Labadie were of a mystical character; no word of accusation was ever made against her. Her Eukleria (part 1, Altona, 1673, part 2, Amsterdam, 1685) gives an account of her life and ideals. Her Opuscula appeared Leyden, 1648. (P. Tschackert.)
Bibliography: A report which will serve as a source for the life, probably based upon autobiographic communications, is found in G. Arnold, Kitchen- und Ketzerhistorie, vol. iv., addition, pp. 1339-50, Frankfort, 1729. Consult: P. Tschackert, Anna Maria von Schurmann, Gotha, 1876; M. Gobel, Geschichte des christlichen Lebens in der rheinisch-westphalischen evangelischen Kirche, ii. 180-299, Coblenz, 1852; and the literature under Labadie, Jean de, Labadists.
SCHULTENS, sHul'tens, ALBERT: Celebrated Arabist and Hebrew scholar; b. at Groningen Aug. 22, 1686; d. at Leyden Jan. 26, 1750. In his fourteenth year he matriculated in theology at the University of Groningen, where he studied Aramaic, Syriac, and finally Arabic as necessary to an understanding of the other Semitic languages. In 1706 came his disputation De utilitate linguae Arabicce in interpretanda Sacra Scriptura (printed in his Opera minora) . He then went to complete his studies at Leyden under Hadrian Reland, taking his doctorate in theology in 1709, continuing for two years the study of oriental manuscripts; [in 1711 he became pastor at Wassenaer;] became professor of Hebrew at Franeker, 1713, serving also as university preacher in 1717; he went to Leyden as rector of the Collegium theologicum, became ordinary professor of oriental languages in the university there in 1732, and in 1740 professor of Hebrew antiquities. His reputation is due to the fact that he was the first to apply in comprehensive style Arabic to the elucidation of Hebrew; that he made mistakes is true, but this was to be expected of a pathfinder. His most renowned pupil was Nikolaus Wilhelm Schroder, author of the frequently reprinted Institutiones ad fundamenta lingua; Hebraicce (Groningen, 1766). The principles advocated by Schultens have been newly applied and advanced by Justus Olshausen (q.v.) and Heinrich Leberecht Fleischer, while the grammars of Bernhard Stade, Wilhelm Gesenius, Eduard Konig, and Hermann Lebrecht Strack (qq. v.) are not uninfluenced by the work of Schultens.
His chief work was Origines Hebrcece sire Hcbrwce lingua antiquissima natura ct indoles ex Arabia penetralibus revocata (2 vols., Franeker, 1724-38; 2d ed., Leyden, 1761). Other works are Institutiones ad fundamenta lingua Hebraa? (Leyden, 1737); Liber J obi cum nova versione ad Hebrceum fontem et commentario perpetuo (2 vols., 1737); Proverbia Salomonis (1748); Opera minora (1769). He also edited the Rudimenta linguce Arabicce of Thomas Erpenius and added to it a Claiis (1733). (H. L. Strack.)
Bibliography: W. Gesenius, Geschichte der hebraischen Sprache und Schrift, pp. lL'fi-129, Leipsic, 1S15; F. Milhlau, in Zeitschrift fiir lutherische Theologie und Kirche, 1870, pp. 1-21; Lichtenberger, ESR, xi. 529-530,