THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
lanchthon, and Jonas to confer with the elector, but on Oct. 7 Luther was directed to prepare the articles at once, and by Oct. 10 they were in the elector's hands.
The Articles are seventeen in number and, while closely following the Marburg Articles, lay special stress on the points wherein uniformity was necessary in order to secure political union. They likewise lay sharp stress on Luther's distinctive Eucharistic doctrines, and expressly assail the teachings of Zwingli. On Oct. 16, 1529, at the concluding of the alliance, they were laid before the conference held at Schwabach, and there rejected by the Upper Germans. Besides being employed in drawing up the Augsburg Confession, the Schwabach Articles were used by the elector in May, 1530, to prove his orthodoxy to the emperor, a wretched Latin translation being sent to Innsbruck. The original draft of the articles is lost, and they first appeared in print at Coburg about 1530 under the misleading title of Die bekenntnus Martini Luthers auff den jtzigen angestelten Reichstag zu Augspurk evnzulegen, In siebentzdien Artikel verfasset. Shortly afterward Luther himself published the Articles with a preface of his own. (T. Kolde.)
Bibliography. H. E. Jacobs, The Book of Concord, i. 303- 354, ii. 27-28, Philadelphia, 1893; J. J. M tiller, Historie von der evangelischen Stande, Jena, 1705; T. Kolde, Der Tag von Schleiz, in Beitriige zur Reformationsgeschichte J Kbstlin gewidmet, pp. 84 sqq., Gotha, 1896; Schaff, Creeds, i. 228-229.
SCHWALLY, shval'li, FRIEDRICH: Orientalist; b. at Butzbach (11 m. s. of Giessen) Aug. 10, 1863. He received his education at the gymnasium at Darmstadt and at the universities of Giessen and Strasburg; he was called as privat-docent to Strasburg to teach Semitic languages, becoming extraordinary professor there in 1898, and going to Giessen in the same capacity in 1901, being promoted to ordinary professor in 1906. He has issued Das Leben nach dem Tode. Nach den V orstellungen der alten Israel und des Judentums einschliesslich des Volksglaubens im Zeitalter Christi (Giessen, 1892); Idioticon der christlich-paldstinischen Aramdisch (1893) ; Kultur des alten Orients (1896) ; Ibraham ibn Mnhammed el-Baihaql Kitdb el Mahdsin val Masdwi (3 parts, Leipsic, 1899-1902); assisted in putting forth a critical edition of the Hebrew text of the Book of Kings (1904) ; and edited the second edition of T. Xoldeke's Geschichte des Qorans (1909).
SCHWANE, shva'ne, JOSEPH: German Roman Catholic; b. at Dorsten (35 m. s.w. of Munster), Westphalia, Apr. 2, 1824; d. at Munster June 6, 1892. He studied at Munster, 1843-48; at Bonn and Tubingen, 1848-50; became privat-docent in the theological faculty at Munster, 1853; professor extraordinary there, 1859; and ordinary professor, 1867. He was author of Das gottliche Yorherwissen (Munster, 1855); De controversia inter Sanctum Stephanum et Sanctum Cyprianum (1859); Dogmengeschichte (1862-90); De operibus supererogaloriis (1868); Specielle Moraltheologie (1871- 1878); Allgemeine Moraltheologie (1885).
SCHWARTZ, shvarts, CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH: German Protestant missionary; b. at Sonnenburg
(19 m. n.e. of Frankfort-on-the-Oder), Prussia, Oct. 26, 1726; d. at Tanjore (170 m. s.s.w. of Madras), India, Feb. 13, 1798. He studied theology at Halle ; and having made himself master of the Tamil language, was sent as missionary to Tranquebar in 1750 by the Danish Missionary Society in Copenhagen. Having entered the service of the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge in London, in 1767, his station was in 1779 removed to Tanjore, where he remained to his death. He founded many congregations among the natives, exercised a most beneficial influence during the war of Hyder Ali, and contributed much to make the name and character of Europe respected and trusted in India.
Bibliography: Remains of . . C. F. Schwartz, Missionary in India, consisting of his Letters and Journals; with a Sketch of his Life, 2d ed., London, 1826; H. M. Pearson, Memoirs of . . C. F. Schwartz, new ed., 2 vols., 1855; J. D. Jaenicke, Memoirs of Jaenicke . with
Letters and Notices of Schwartz, ib. 1833; W. Germann, Missiondr C. F. Schwartz, sein Leben und Wirken, Erlangen, 1870; W. P Walsh, Heroes of the Mission Field, London, 1879; A. C. Thompson, Protestant Missions, their Rise and Early Progress, New York, 1894; Helen H. Holcomb, Men of Might in Indian Missions, ib. 1901; C. C. Creegan, Pioneer Missionaries of the Church, ib. 1903; H. C. Vedder, Christian Epoch Makers, Philadelphia, 1908.
SCHWARZ, shvarts, FRIEDRICH HEINRICH CHRISTIAN: German Lutheran; b. at Giessen May 30, 1766; d. at Heidelberg Apr. 3, 1837. After completing his education at the university of his native city, he assisted his father as pastor at Alsfeld, and was then pastor of Dexbach (1790- 1796), Echzell (1796-98) and Munster, near Butzbach (1798-1804), where he developed conspicuous ability as a teacher, in addition to his clerical duties. From 1804 until his death he was professor of theology at Heidelberg, his special fields being pedagogics and systematic theology. His theological point of view was one of Biblical and practical supernaturalism, combined with a unionistic tendency. Besides issuing works on pedagogy, in which field he is perhaps better known than as a theologian, he edited for several years the Theologische Annalen (1824 sqq.), Die Kirche (1816-17), and also the pedagogical Freimiltige Jahrbiicher. His independent theological writings were Sciagraphia dogmatices Christianas in usum prwlectionum (Heidelberg, 1808; revised under the title of Grundriss der kirchlichen protestanlischcn Dogmatik, 1816); Das Christentum in seiner Wahrheit und Gottlichkeit betrachtet, oder die Lehre des Evangeliums aus Urkunden dargestellt (1808); and Handbuch der evangelisch-christlichcn Ethik fur Theologen und gebildete Christen (1821; revised in 1830 as Die Sittenlehre des evangelischen Christentums als Wissenschaft).
Schwarz was a zealous advocate of the union of the Lutheran and Reformed Churches in Baden, and after the union toiled with his colleague Daub to this end, also in preventing loose latitudinarianism and in giving proper validity to the creeds of both denominations. (C. B. Hundeshagent/.)
SCHWARZ, JOHANN KARL EDUARD: German Lutheran; b. at Halle June 20, 1802; d. at Jena May 18, 1870. He was educated at the university of his native city (1822-24), and after being