THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG 546
When the definitive edition is finished it would be worth while to refer these quotations to it. The only thorough study of Zwingli’s theology is by August Baur, Zwinglis Theologie. Ihr Werden und ihr System, 2 vols., Halle, 1885-89 (gives far more than its title would indicate).
For the setting of the life of Zwingli see the contemporary history by Heinrich Bullinger, who was Zwingli’s successor, Reformationsgeschichte, 3 vols., Frauenfeld, 1838-40; Egli’s Attensammlung zur Geschichte der Ziircher Reformation in den Jahren 1519-33, Zurich, 1879; and Johann Strickler’s Actensammlung zur Schweizerischen Reformationsgeschichte in den Jahren 1521-32, im Anschluss an did gleichzeitigen eidgenossischen Abschiede, 5 vols., Zurich, 1878-84 (give official records and cover much ground).
Emil Egli left in MS. an unfinished Schweizerische Reformations-Geschichte, upon which he had not worked since 1902, and the first volume from 1519-25 was edited and carried through the press by Georg Finsler, Zurich, 1910. For all questions bearing on Zwingli and his times see Zwingliana. Mittheilungen zur Geschichte Zwinglis und der Reformation. Herausgegeben von der Vereinigung fiir das Zwinglimuseum in Zurich, Zurich, 1897 sqq., published semiannually. Many of the German treatises were transferred into modern literary German by R. Christoffel. Jackson in his Zwingli, and in his Selections from Zwingli (Philadelphia, 1901), edited several German and Latin translations, and has announced for 1912 the first volume of a translation of the Latin works and of the correspondence of Zwingli, together with selections from his German works.
[END OF VOL. XII.
APPENDIX
APPENDIX
AMERICAN WALDENSIAN AID SOCIETY: This organization, having its headquarters at 213 West Seventy-sixth Street, New York City, was incorporated under the laws of the State of New York May, 1906, “To collect funds and apply the same to the aid of the Waldensian Church in Italy and elsewhere, in its evangelistic, institutional, and educational work, . . . and to arouse and maintain interest throughout the United States in the work of said Church and otherwise to aid the said Waldensian Church.” It is governed by a board of twentyfour directors, twelve of whom are chosen from New York City and vicinity and twelve from the various sections where branches are located.
The organization has now twenty-five branch societies in the various cities of the United States and Canada, affiliated with it, and twenty-two circles throughout the country, which are aiding in the work and will become legalized branches of the national organization.
The funds raised by the society pay the salaries of many of the Protestant pastors in Italy and aid in the construction of churches and schoolhouses. The primary training of the Italian in the ways and customs of this country has a very beneficial influence on the Italian immigrants coming to our shores. Through the Waldenses about 100 Protestant Italian churches have been founded in America. The American Waldensian Aid Society is helping to support this reflex mission, and a bureau to care for the religious welfare of the incoming and outgoing Italian Protestants is now in contemplation as a department of this organization.
In Great Britain there is a similar organization with like purposes, which publishes as its organ A Voice from Italy, a periodical under the editorship of Rev. James Gibson.
BARNUM, HERMAN NORTON: Congregationalist; b. at Auburn, N. Y., Dec. 5, 1826; d. at Harput (60 m. n.n.w. of Diarbekr), Turkish Armenia, May 20, 1910. He was educated at Amherst (B.A., 1852) and Andover Theological Seminary (1855), and after being missionary-at-large in Vermont in 1855-56 and traveling for a year (1857-58) became connected with the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, with which he remained until his death. His main activity, apart from his general missionary duties, was teaching in Harput Theological Seminary and in Euphrates College, in the same city, and it was due in great measure to his firm attitude during the threatened Turkish massacres of Nov., 1895, that no actual harm came to the Armenians of Harput.
BECKWITH, JOHN CHARLES: English soldier and missionary to the Waldenses (q.v.); b. at Halifax, Nova Scotia, Oct. 2, 1789; d. at his villa,
La Torre, in the Piedmont valleys, July 19, 1862. He served in Denmark, Portugal, Spain, France, and the Netherlands, but at Waterloo he lost a leg, and, although promoted lieutenant-colonel, was debarred from active service, retiring in 1820 on half pay. In 1827 he chanced to look into a book on the Waldenses, and became so interested in them that he removed to Italy and took the villa in which he resided for the remainder of his life. His two endeavors were to raise the educational standard of the Waldenses and to revive their uncompromising Protestantism, and to him is due the foundation of no less than 120 schools throughout the valleys of the Piedmont. In recognition of his services Charles Albert of Sardinia created him a knight of St. Maurice and St. Lazarus in 1848, two years after he had been promoted major-general in the English service. His memory is still held in deep respect by the people whose condition he so successfully sought to elevate.
BIBLIOGRAPHY: J. P. Meille, General Beckwith: His Life and Labours among the Waldenses of Piedmont, London, 1873; DNB, iv. 89-90.
BERGSON, HENRI-LOUIS: French philosopher; b. in Paris Oct. 18, 1859. He was educated at the Lycée Condorcet and the Ecole normale supérieure (Litt.D., 1889), and was professor of philosophy at the lyceums of Angers (1881-83) and of Clermont (1883-88), also conducting courses in the university of the latter city. He was then a professor at the Collége Rollin (1888-89) and the Lycée Henri IV. (1889-97), and a lecturer at the Ecole normale supérieure (1897-1900). Since 1900 he has been professor of modern philosophy at the Collége de France, in 1901 being elected a member of the Académie des sciences morales et politiques. In his teaching he belongs to the idealistic school, and he maintains that life can be accounted for only on the hypothesis of a mysterious superconsciousness. In man alone is consciousness able to overcome the limitations imposed by matter, and this fact not only explains the essential freedom of the human mind, but also gives ground for a scientific basis of belief in immortality. He thus opposes strongly the materialistic philosophy and the crasser forms of the theory of evolution, at the same time avoiding the vagueness of extreme idealism of the older type.
The principal writings of Bergson are Ezxtraits de Lucréce (Paris, 1884); Essai sur les données immédiates de la conscience (1889, 2d ed., 1898; Eng. transl. by F. L. Pogson, Time and Free Will, London, 1910); Quid Aristoteles de loco senserit (1890); Matiére et mémoire (1896; Eng. transl. by N. M. Paul and W. S. Palmer, Matter and Memory, New York, 1911); Le Rire; Essai sur la signification du comique (1900; Eng. transl., Laughter; an Essay on the Meaning of the Comic, New York, 1911); and
Bossert Felicitas