THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
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L’ Evolution créatrice (1907; Eng. transl. by A. Mitchell, Creative Evolution, New York, 1911). BIBLIOGRAPHY: J. Solomon, Bergson, Edinburgh, 1911; W.
Durban, “ The Philosophy of Henri Bergson,”’ in Homi-
letic Review, \xiii (1912), 20-23.
BOSSERT, GUSTAV: German Lutheran; b. at Tabingen (a village near Rottweil, 30 m. s.w. of Tiibingen) Oct. 21, 1841. After being vicar at Diirrmenz, Miihlacker (1864-67), during which time he made a tour of northern Germany, Holland, and Belgium, he taught Hebrew at the gymnasium of Heilbronn and religion in the Ober-Realschule in the same town until 1869. From that year until 1888 he was pastor in Bachlingen, near Langenburg, being also editor of the Zeitschrift des historischen Vereins fiir Wiirttemberg-Franken in 1878-88 and assistant editor of the Wtirttembergischer Vierteljahrsheft in 1879-— 1888. From 1888 until his retirement from active life in 1907 he was pastor in Nabern, and in 1894 he was a delegate to the district synod. Among his writings special mention may be made of his Wirttemberg und Janssen (2 parts, Halle, 1882-85), Eberhard im Bart (Stuttgart, 1884), and Der Interim in Wirttemberg (Halle, 1895).
CABROL, FERNAND MICHAEL: Roman Catholic historian and archeologist; b. at Marseilles, France, Dec. 11, 1855. He received his education at the Institut Belzunce, petit séminaire, and grand séminaire, all at Marseilles, and at the abbey of Solesmes (1878); was professor of ecclesiastical history in the theological school at Solesmes, 1879-90; of ecclesiastical literature at the Catholic University of Angers, 1892-95, being also prior during 1890-95; prior of Farnborough, Hampshire, England, 1895- 1903; and abbot of Farnborough since 1903. He has been vice-president of the Plainsong and Medieval Music Society since 1901, and in 1908 was president of the French section of the Eucharistic Congress. He is the author of Bibliographie des Bénédictines de la congrégation de France (Solesmes, 1889); Histoire du Cardinal Pitra (Paris, 1893); Etude sur la Peregrinatio Silvie; les églises de J érusalem; la discipline et la liturgie au tv. sitcle (1893); Le Livre de la priére antique; étude de liturgie (1900; 4th ed., 1910); La Devotion liturgique a la Sainte Vierge (1905); Les Origines liturgiques (1906); and is editing with H. Leclereq Monwmenta ecclesia _ liturgica (1900 sqq.) and the important Dictionnaire darchéologie chrétienne et de liturgie (1903 sqq.). Not the least important of his work is contained in such journals as La Science catholique, Revue du clergé frangais, Revue des questions historiques, Revue @archéologie chrétienne et de liturgie, and Revue des facultés catholiques, to which he has made valuable contributions in his chosen line of Christian antiquities and liturgics.
DAVIES, BENJAMIN: Welsh Baptist and Hebrew scholar; b. at Llanboidy (12 m. w. of Carmarthen), Carmarthenshire, Feb. 26, 1814; d. at Frome (a suburb of London) July 19, 1875. He was educated at the Bristol Baptist College, and the universities of Dublin, Glasgow, Halle, and Leipsic (Ph.D., 1838). From 1838 to 1844 he was president of the Baptist College, Montreal, Canada, rerigning on account of his open-communion views,
which brought him into conflict with the governors of the college. He was then president of the Baptist College, Regent’s Park, London, for two years, but in 1846 he returned to the Baptist College at Montreal as professor of Hebrew, a position which he exchanged in 1852 for the professorship of classics in McGill University, Montreal. During this period he continued his Hebrew studies, winning the reputation of being, with one possible exception, the best Hebraist of his time on the American continent. In 1857 Davies returned to Regent’s Park as professor of classic Hebrew and Old-Testament literature, retaining this post until his death. In his early years he was a popular preacher in Welsh and English, but later he lost this popularity; though slow of speech, his knowledge was encyclopedic, and he had in a very rare degree the teacher’s instinct and the power of winning the esteem and affection of his pupils.
Much of Davies’ literary work was done in collaboration with others and published anonymously. It is known, however, that he wrote the introductions and notes for most of the Old-Testament books in the Annotated Paragraph Bible (London, 1850-57), and he edited and greatly improved E. Robinson’s Harmony of the Gospels (1878), besides editing Vergil, Homer, and other classic authors. But his chief work was in the domain of Hebrew. He translated, enlarged, corrected, and annotated several editions of F. W. H. Gesenius’ Hebrew Grammar (1846-80), and in 1871 published at London his Compendious and Complete Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament with an English-Hebrew Index, chiefly founded on the Works of Gesenius and First, with Improvements from Dieterich and other Sources, which, until the publication of the Ozford Hebrew Lexicon in 1906, was the most accurate, upto-date, and valuable in the English language. Though so profound a scholar, Davies was a very simple, devout Christian, and had it not been for his excessive modesty, which led him to prefer to produce anonymously, much other literary work would have been known as his.
T. Wirton Davis. BIBLIOGRAPHY: T. W. Davies in Nottingham Free Church
Record, May—June, 1898, and Soren Gomer (Welsh), May,
ee The Baptist, July 30, 1875; Baptist Handbook,
EDDY, MARY BAKER:* Discoverer and founder of Christian Science (see ScreNcn, CHRISTIAN); b. at Bow, N. H., July 16, 1821; d. at Newton, Mass., Dec. 38, 1910. Her parents were Mark and Abigail Ambzose Baker, and she numbered among her ancestors a member of the Provincial Congress and soldiers in the War of the Revolution. She was educated at an academy at Tilton, N. H., and by private tutors, among whom was her brother, Albert Baker, a graduate of Dartmouth and a member of the New Hampshire legislature. As a young woman, Mrs. Eddy was delicate and markedly individual. During her middle life she was a confirmed invalid, until the healing incident occurred which ushered her to the threshold of Christian Science. In 1843 she married Major
* Statement from the Christian Science Committee on Publication of the First Church, Boston.
George W. Glover, a contractor, of Charleston, 8. C., and removed with him to that city, where she was left a widow in June, 1844. She returned to New Hampshire, where her only child, George Washington Glover, was born. In 1853 she married Daniel Patterson, from whom she was divorced in 1873, on the ground of desertion. In her search for health Mrs. Eddy went in 1863 to Portland, Me., to consult P. P. Quimby, a magnetic healer. Mrs. Eddy was temporarily benefited, but later had a relapse. In 1866 she recovered from an accident, which was the immediate cause of her discovery of Christian Science. A fall on the ice resulted in severe internal injuries. In her extremity Mrs. Eddy turned to her Bible and was healed. In 1877 she married Dr. Asa G. Eddy, one of her early students in Christian Science, who died in 1882. The text-book of Christian Science, Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures, was published by Mrs. Eddy at Boston in 1875. In 1881 Mrs. Eddy chartered the Massachusetts Metaphysical College in Boston. The charter for the First Christian Science Church was obtained in June, 1879; and in that year Mrs. Eddy was called to become its pastor. Mrs. Eddy founded, and for a long time edited, The Christian Science Journal, a monthly magazine. Mrs. Eddy’s principal works are: People’s Idea of God (1886); Christian Healing (1886); Unity of Good (1887); Retrospection and Introspection (1891); No and Yes (1891); Christ and Christmas (1893); Pulpit and Press (1895); Church Manual (1895); Miscellaneous Writings (1897); Christian Science versus Pantheism (1898); and Message to the Mother Church (1900-02). EvuGENE R. Cox.
BiBLioGRAPHY: A. Brisbane, Mary Baker G. Eddy, Boston,
1908; Sybil Wilbur, Life of Mary Baker Eddy, New York,
1908.
EUCKEN, CHRISTIAN RUDOLF: German Protestant philosopher and the leading exponent of modern German idealism; b. at Aurich (60 m. n.w. of Bremen) Jan 5, 1846. He was educated at the universities of G6ttingen and Berlin (1863-67), and after teaching in a gymnasium until 1871 was called to Basel as professor of philosophy, whence he was transferred, in 1874, to his present position as professor of the same subject at Jena. He has written Die Methode der aristotelischen Forschung in threm Zusammenhang mit den philosophischen Grundprincipien des Aristoteles (Berlin, 1872): Geschichte und Kritik der Grundbegriffe der Gegenwart (Leipsic, 1878; 4th ed., Geistige Strémungen der Gegenwart, 1909; Eng. transl. by M.S. Phelps, Fundamental Concepts of Modern Philosophic Thought, New York, 1880); Geschichte der philosophischen Terminologie (1879); Prolegomena zu Forschungen tiber die Hinheit des Geisteslebens in Bewusstsein und That der Menschheit (1885); Bettrdge zur Geschichte der neueren Philosophie, vornehmlich der deutschen (Heidelberg, 1886; 2d ed., Bettrage zur Hinfrihrung in die Geschichte der Philosophie, Leipsic, 1906); Hinheit des Geisteslebens in Bewusstsein wnd That der Menschheit (Leipsic, 1888); Lebansanschawungen der grossen Denker (1890; 8th ed., 1909; Eng. transl., W. S. Hough and W. R. B. Gibson, Problem of Human Life as Viewed by the Great Thinkers, New York, 1909); Kampf um einen geistlichen