RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Fitzralph Guetzlaff
GRAF, KARL HEINRICH: German Protestant Old-Testament critic; b. at Mithlhausen (29 m. n.w. of Erfurt), Alsace, Feb. 28, 1815; d. at Meissen (15 m. n.w. of Dresden), Saxony, July 16, 1869. In 1833 he entered the University of Strasburg, where he came under the influence of E. G. BH. Reuss (q.v.), in whose classes he received the first suggestions of the theory of the post-exilic origin of much of the legislation commonly ascribed to Moses, so that the fundamental position of the views associated with the names of A. Kuenen and J. Wellhausen (qq.v.) go back, through Graf, to Reuss. In 1836 Graf received the degree of candidate of theology, but at the close of his student life at Strasburg he accepted a post as private tutor in a family residing at Paris. In 1844 he became a teacher in a gymnasium at Leipsic, and also studied Arabic and Persian under H. L. Fleischer at the university of that city. From 1847 until his enforced retirement, on account of ill-health, in 1868 he was teacher of French and Hebrew in the gymnasium at Meissen, and after 1852 titular professor.
Besides translations of Sa‘di’s Gulistan and Bustan (Leipsic, 1846; Jena, 1850), an edition of the latter work (Vienna, 1858), and Afrika (under the pseudonym ‘“ Karl Elsisser,’”’ 2 vols., Zwickau, 1855-56), Graf wrote Der Segen Moses, Deut. 23 (Leipsic, 1857) and Der Prophet Jeremia erkldrt (1862), the first great commentary on this book. His chief fame, however, is due to his Die geschichtlichen Biicher des Alten Testaments (1866), although as a matter of fact it did little more than reproduce, with added proofs and illustrations, what Graf had learned from Reuss. Since this work contains the fundamental position of Old-Testament criticism, it would be fairer and more accurate to link these modern views on the Old Testament with the names of Reuss and Graf, though Wellhausen and especially Kuenen did much to correct, amplify, confirm, and illustrate what the older scholars taught. The work has two principal parts, the first of which is an examination of the historical books of the Old Testament from Genesis to II Kings. The conclusion reached is that the laws in Leviticus and the allied parts of Exodus and Numbers (or the legal section of the Priestly Code) constitute the latest parts of the Pentateuch and belong mostly to a time later than that of Ezra, though portions are ascribed to Ezra himself, and the remainder are but little older. The book of Deuteronomy is made the basis of the investigation, and the kernel of the Deuteronomic legislation is held to have come into being, as W. M. L. de Wette (q.v.) had taught, in the twenty-first year of the reign of Josiah. Graf then endeavors to distinguish (1) parts of the Pentateuch implied by D (e.g., the laws in Ex. xx.— xxili., xxxiv. 10-27, etc.) and (2) parts of the Pentateuch which imply D and which are, therefore, later. He maintained the older view, current till the time of H. Hupfeld (q.v.), that what is now known as P was included in E and ascribed to a period long before the exile. He acknowledged that the narrative and legal portions of what was known as the Grundschrift agreed in general style and matter, but this was attributed to imitation, not to identity of date and origin. Kuenen and Well-
hausen soon showed that Graf’s own investigation
proved the whole of what is now known as P to be
post-Deuteronomic, and, in its present form, post-
exilic. T. Wirron Daviss.
BIBLIOGRAPHY: K. Budde and H. J. Holzmann, H. Reuss’ Briefwechsel mit Graf, Giessen, 1904; F. Bleek, Hinleitung in das Alte Testament, ed. J. Wellhausen, 5th ed., Berlin, 1886, p. 619 sqq.; H. Holzinger, Hinleitung in den Hexateuch, i. 65 sqq., Freiburg, 1893.
GUETZLAFF, KARL FRIEDRICH AUGUST: German Lutheran missionary to the Chinese; b. at Pyritz (24 m. s.e. of Stettin), Pomerania, July 8, 1803; d. at Hongkong Aug. 9, 1851. He was apprenticed to a saddler in Stettin, but was enabled by the king of Prussia to receive training for a missionary career at the Halle Pidagogium and at Johannes Jinicke’s missionary institute in Berlin. He then made a visit to England, where Robert Morrison (q.v.) directed his interest especially to Chinese missions, and accordingly he went, under the auspices of the Dutch missionary society, in 1826, to Batavia, where in two years he became proficient in Chinese. He then severed his connection with the Dutch society, and in 1828 went first to Bangkok and thence to Macao, and there collaborated with W. H. Medhurst (q.v.) in translating the Bible into the Wen-li dialect of Chinese (Hongkong [?], 1854-55), besides editing a Chinese monthly. Between 1831 and 1834 he made three voyages along the coasts of China, Siam, Korea, and the Lu-chu Islands, and in 1835 he was appointed interpreter (later secretary) to the British embassy in China, in which capacity his knowledge of China and Chinese enabled him to render great services to England in the opium war of 1840-42, while later he was made superintendent of trade, an office which he retained until his death. In 1844 he was one of the founders, at Hongkong, of an association to train converted Chinese to become missionaries to their own people, but the time had not yet come for such an institution to be successful. In 1849-51 Gitzlaff made a tour of England and Germany in behalf of his mission, but died almost immediately on his return to China.
The principal writings of Giitzlaff, besides a Japanese translation of the Gospel of John (Singapore [1830?]), were Journal of Three Voyages along the Coast of China, in 1831, 1832, and 1838 (London, 1834); Sketch of Chinese History, Ancient and Modern (2 vols., 1834); China Opened; or, A Display of the Topography, History, etc., of the Chinese Empire (2 vols., 1838); Verslag van een driejarig verblijf in Siam en van een reize langs de kust van China (Rotterdam, 1838); Geschichte des chinesischen Reiches von den diltesten Zeiten bis auf den Frieden von Nanking (ed. K. F. Neumann, Stuttgart, 1847); Die Mission in China (lectures delivered in Berlin; Berlin, 1850); Bericht seiner Reise von China nach England und durch die verschiedenen Linder Europa’s im Interesse der chinesischen Mission (Cassel, 1851); and Life of Taou-Kwang, late Emperor of China, with Memoirs of the Court of Peking (ed. Sir G. T. Staunton, London, 1852); in addition to the Chinesische Berichte von der Mitte des Jahres 1841 bis zum Schluss des Jahres 1846 (Cassel, 1850), which he published under the pseudonym “ Gaihan.”
Hampden-Cook Kalopothakes