RELIGIOUS ENCYCLOPEDIA
Hampden-Cook Kalopothakes
establishing a system of colporteurs, whom he superintended for forty-five years. This circulation of the Scriptures Kalopothakes regarded as of paramount importance for the regeneration of Greece, yet he also saw the necessity of the dissemination of religious tracts and books to impress upon the people the duty of studying and obeying the Bible. In this work he received invaluable assistance from the Religious Tract Society of London, and besides this phase of his activity he found time to publish not only several volumes of his own sermons and a long series of ‘‘ Children’s Special Service Mission ”’ leaflets, but also translations of such works as Butler’s Analogy, Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress, and A. A. Hodge’s Outlines of Theology, while from 1868 to 1894 he was also editor of the illustrated monthly “ Child’s Paper,” of which he had been the founder.
Previous to 1864 Kalopothakes did not preach, his time being too fully occupied by his work in publication. In 1860 he opened the first Sundayschool in Greece, to which even children of Orthodox parents came until, eight weeks later, the
school was mobbed, after which only the His Work children of the few Greek Protestants as a Pastor. then in Athens were received. During this period a small group of Protestants formed about him, their meetings being held in King’s house until King discontinued his preaching in 1864; while from that year until 1871 they met in Kalopothakes’ house, where he and George Constantine, the second Greek to enter the Protestant ministry, preached alternately. Kalopothakes had at first conducted his work independently cf any missionary society, although small contributions were given him by the American and Foreign Christian Union and by the Virginian Synod of the Presbyterian Church of the United States. From the outbreak of the American Civil War until 1872 the American and Foreign Missionary Union supported his work, the Southern Presbyterian Church carrying it on from that year until 1886.
It was, however, the desire of Kalopothakes that the Greek Protestant churches should be self-supporting, and in 1886, after four organizations—at Athens, Pirzeus, Volo, and Janina—had been formed, the Greek Evangelical Synod was constituted, the church at Salonica being added in 1893. Since 1886, therefore, Greek Protestant work has been carried on by this synod, with the aid of friends in England
and the United States; and in 1894,
Results of that he might be free for the manifold
his Labors. activities demanded by the synod, Kalopothakes resigned the pastorate
of the Athens church, which he had established in 1870. This work for the synod, together with his labors for the Bible Society and the publication department, occupied him until his death, and in his closing years he could see Greek Protestants possessed of a constitutional guaranty of freedom of worship and speech, this arousing the Orthodox Church to renewed activity to counteract the influences of Protestantism. Kalopothakes likewise had intense sympathy with the poor and suffering. He was connected for years with various philanthropic societies, such as the Parnassos Club for newsboys; he was one of the founders of the Greek Society for
Krumbacher Lay Preaching
THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG
the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals; he habitually visited prisoners, to whom he was often permitted to preach; and during the Cretan insurrection of 1866-69 he not only assisted in relieving the Cretan refugees, but he also established in the suburbs of Athens schools for thousands of refugee children. DrEMETRIUS KALOPOTHAKES.
KRUMBACHER, KARL: German scholar of Byzantine and modern Greek literature; b. at Ktirnach (a hamlet near Wiirzburg) Sept. 23, 1856; d. at Munich Dec. 12, 1909. He was educated at the universities of Munich and Leipsic, and from 1879 to 1892 was teacher in a gymnasium in Munich, but in the latter year was appointed associate professor of Byzantine and modern Greek at the University of Munich, being promoted to the full professorship five years later. He is especially noted for his great Geschichte der byzantinischen Literatur (Munich, 1890; 2d ed., 1897), and for his founding of the Byzantinische Zeitschrift in 1892, supplemented by the Byzantinisches Archiv in 1898. He is, indeed, one of the few figures of prominence in the field of Byzantine research that Germany has yet produced. Among his other works the most noteworthy are Griechische Reise (Berlin, 1886), Studien zu den Legenden des hetligen Theodosius (Munich, 1892), Mittelgriechische Sprichwérter (1893), Das Problem der neugriechischen Schriftsprache (1903), Miscellen zu Romanos (1907), and Populdre Aufstitze (Leipsic, 1909).