PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
Systematic Theology — Volume 2
Hodge, Charles, 1797–1878 · 339,329 words · 411 reading sections
LONDON AND BDINBUROH : T. NELSON AND SONS.
1870. Entered according to act of Congress, in the year 1871, b^ Charles Scribner and Company, in the Office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington* KnnB9n>B, oambkimi: • fflBIOTTPED AND PBIKTID SI B O. HOUOHTON AND COUPAHT.…
38 wordsSECTION 2PAOI
§ 1 Scriptiiral Doctrine . . 8 § 2. Anti- Scriptural Theories .4 Heathen Doctrine of Spontaneous Generation. — Modern Doctrine of Spontaneous Generation 5 Theories of Development. — Lamarck. — Vestiges of Creation. — Darwin. — Remarks on the Darwinian Theory. — Atheistic. — Mere Hypothesis 19 Theories of the Univer…
92 wordsSECTION 3NATURE OF MAN.
§ 1. Scriptural Doctrine 42 Truths assumed in Scriptures. — Relation of the Soul and Body. — Realistic Dualism 46 § 2. Trichotomy 47 Anti- Scriptural. — Doubtful Passages 49 § 3. Realism 51 Its General Character. — Generic Humanity. — Objections to Real- ism. — From Consciousness. — Contrary to Scriptures. — Inco…
64 wordsSECTION 4CHAPTER m.
ORiam OF THK SOUL. § 1. Theory of Preexistence 65 § 2. Traducianism ....SS § 3. Creationism • . . 70 Arguments from the Nature of the Soul • • • w 71 § 4, Concluding Remarks • • • 72…
28 wordsSECTION 5UNITY OF THE HUMAN BACB.
g 1. Idea of Species • . 78 General Characteristics. — Definitions 79 § 2. Evidences of the Identity of Species 82 Organic Structure. — Physiology. — Psychology . . . .85 § 8. Application of these Criteria to Man 86 The Evidence Cumulative 88 § 4. Philological and Moral Argument , 88 Brotherhood of Man • • . 90…
45 wordsSECTION 6ORIGINAL STATE OF MAN.
§ 1. Scriptural Doctrine • • * 92 I 2. Man created in the Image of God ....... 96 § 3. Original Righteousness 99 § 4. Dominion over the Creatures , . 102 § 5. Doctrine of Romanists 103 g 6. Pelagian and Rationalistic Doctrine 106 Immanent Dispositions may have Moral Character. — General Judgment of Men on this Po…
77 wordsSECTION 7COVENANT OF WORKS.
§1. God made a Covenant with Adam • .117 § 2. The Promise 118 § 3. The Condition 119 § 4. The Penalty 120 § 5. The Parties 121 § 6. The Perpetuity of the Covenant 129…
31 wordsSECTION 8THE FALL.
Bcriptural Account. — The Tree of Life. — The Tree of Elnowledge. — The Serj-ent. — The Temptation.— Effects of the First Sin . . 12S…
20 wordsSECTION 9CHAPTER Vm. sm.
§ 1. Nature of the Question ISO § 2. Philosophical Theories 182 Limitation of Being. — Leibnitz's Theory. — Antagonism. — Schleiermacher's Theory. — The Sensuoxis Theory. — Selfish- ness 144 Theological Theories. § 3. Doctrine of the Early Church 150 § 4. Pelagian Theory 162 Arguments against it 155 § 5. Augusti…
324 wordsSECTION 10PAOI
sistent with the justice of God. — Makes Grod the Author of Sin. — Inconsistent with Free Agency 254 § 14. Seat of Original Sin 254 The whole Soul its Seat 255 S 16 Inability 257 Doctrine as stated in the Protestant Symbols. — The Nature of the Sinner's Inability ......... 260 Inability not mere Disinclination. —…
125 wordsSECTION 11FREE AGEXCT.
§ 1. Different Theories of the Will 280 Necessity. — Contingency. — Certainty 284 § 2. Definition of Terms 288 Will. — Motive. — Cause. — Liberty. — Liberty and Ability. — Self- determination and Self-determination of the Will . . . 294 § 8. Certainty consistent with Liberty ....... 295 Points of Agreement. — Argum…
82 wordsSECTION 12PLAN OP SALVATION.
§ 1. Grod has such a Plan 313 Importance of knowing it. — Means of knowing it . • 315 § 2. Supralapsarianisra . . . .316 § 3. Infralapsarianism 819 § 4. Hypothetical Redemption 321 Objections to that Scheme 323 § 5. The Lutheran Doctrine as to the Plan of Salvation . . . .324 6 6. The Remonstrant Doctrine 327…
48 wordsSECTION 13CONTENTS OF THE SECOND VOLUME. vn
PAa § 7. The Wesleyan Doctrine 329 § 8. The Augustinian Doctrine 331 Preliminary Remarks. — Statement of the Doctrine. — Proof of the Doctrine 334 Argument from the Facts of Providence. — From the Facts of Scrip- ture 339 The Relation of God to his Rational Creatures. — Man a Fallen Race. — Work of the Spirit. — E…
112 wordsSECTION 14COVENANT OF GRACE.
§ 1. The Plan of Salvation is a Covenant 354 § 2. Different Views of the Nature of that Covenant .... 355 Pelagian View. — Remonstrant View. — Wesleyan Arminian View. — Lutheran View. — Augustinian Doctrine .... 356 § 3. Parties to the Covenant 357 Distinction between the Covenant of Redemption and the Covenant of …
111 wordsSECTION 15THE PERSON OF CHRIST.
§ 1. Preliminary Remarks '. . .378 § 2. Scriptural Facts concerning the Person of Christ .... 380 He is truly Man. — He is truly God. — He is one Person . . 380 Proof of the Doctrine. — Proof of the several Points separately. — From the cuiTcnt Representations of Scripture. — From particu- lar Passages of Scripture. —…
274 wordsSECTION 16PRIESTLY OFFICE.
§ 1. Christ is truly a Priest 464 § 2. Christ is our only Priest 466 §8. Definition of Terms 468 Atonement. — Satisfaction. — Penalty. — Vicarious. — Guilt. — Re- demption.— Expiation. — Propitiation 478…
29 wordsSECTION 17SATISFACTION OF CHRIST.
PAOl § 1. Statement of the Doctrine 480 § 2. The Sense in which the Work of Christ was a Satisfaction . . 482 § 3. Tlie Doctrine of the Scotists and Remonstrants .... 485 § 4. Christ's Satisfaction rendered to Justice 489 § 5. Christ's Work a Satisfaction to Law 493 § 6. Proof of the Doctrine as above stated 495 …
188 wordsSECTION 18FOR WHOM DID CHRIST DIE?
§ 1. State of the Question 544 § 2. Proof of the Augustinian Doctrine 546 1. From the Nature of the Covenant of Redemption. — 2. Election. — 3. Express Declaration of the Scriptures. — 4. From the Special Love of God. — 5. From the Believer's Union with Christ. — 6. From the Intercession of Christ. — 7. Church Doc- …
77 wordsSECTION 19THEORIES OF THE ATONEMENT.
§ 1. The Orthodox View 563 § 2. Doctrine of some of the Early Fathers 564 § 3. Moral Theory 566 Objections to that Theory 571 § 4. Governmental Theory 573 Remonstrant Doctrine . . . . • • • • .575…
30 wordsSECTION 20PAGB
Supematuralists 576 Objections to Governmental Theory .... . 678 § 5. Mystical Theory 581 Early Mystics. — Mystics of the Time of the Reformation. — Osian- der. — Schwenkfeld. — Oetinger. — The Modern Views . . 589 § 6. Concluding Remarks 589…
32 wordsSECTION 21INTERCESSION OF CHKI8T.
§ 1. Christ our Intercessor 592 §2. Nature of his Intercession 593 § 3. Its Objects 594 § 4. The Intercession of Saints 694…
21 wordsSECTION 22KINGLY OFFICE OF CHRIST.
§ 1. The Church the Kingdom of God 696 § 2. Christ truly a King 597 § 3. Nature of the Kingdom of Christ 599 His Dominion over the Universe. — His Spiritual Kingdom. — His Visible Kingdom. — Nature of that Kingdom . . . 604 § 4. The Kingdom of Glory 608…
44 wordsSECTION 23THE HUMILIATION OF CHRIST.
§ 1. Includes his Incarnation ......... 610 § 2. His Being made under the Law 612 § 3. His Suiferings and Death 614 § 4. His Enduring the Wrath of God 614 § 5. His Death and Burial 615 The "Descensus ad Inferos." — The Lutheran and Modern Doc- trines of the Humiliation of Christ 621…
49 wordsSECTION 24VOCATION.
§ 1 . Scriptural Usage of the Word 639 § 2. External Call 641 § 3. Common Grace 654 Lutheran Doctrine. — Rationalistic Doctrine. .... 657 Proof of the Inward Call of the Spirit as distinct from the Truth 660…
34 wordsSECTION 25CONTENTS OF THE SECOND VOLUME. xi
pxcn This Influence may be without the Word. — The Work of the Spirit distinct from Providential Efficiency • . . . 665 An Influence of the Spirit Common to all Men. — Efiects of Com- mon Grace 670 { 4. Efficacious Grace 675 Why Efficacious. — Not simply ab eventu. — Not from its Congruity 677 The Augustinian Doctr…
186 wordsSECTION 26PART IL — ANTHROPOLOGY.
Having considered tlie doctrines wliich concern the nature of God and his relation to the world, we come now to those wliich concern man ; his origin, nature, primitive state, probation, and apostasy ; which last subject includes the question as to the nature of sin ; and the effects of Adam's first sin upon himself an…
65 wordsSECTION 27ORIGIN OF MAN.
§ 1. Scriptural Doctrine. The Scriptural account of the origin of man is contained in Gen- esis i. 26, 27, " And God said, Let us make man in our image, after our likeness : and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every cr…
648 wordsSECTION 28§2.] ANTI-SCRIPTURAL THEORIES. 5
Modern Doctrine of Spontaneous Generation. Althougli Strauss greatly exaggerates when he says that men of science in our day are unanimous in supporting the doctrine of spontaneous genei'ation, it is undoubtedly true that a large class of naturalists, especially on the continent of Europe, are in favour of that doctri…
886 wordsSECTION 29§2.] . ANTI-SCEIPTURAL THEORIES. 7
the tins are exhausted of air, for Vibriones and Bacteria live, as Pasteur has shown, without air or free oxygen. It is not because the boiled meats or vegetables are not putrescible or fermentable, as those who have had the misfortune to be in a ship supplied with unskilfully closed tins well know. What is it, therefo…
1,053 wordsSECTION 30§2.] AN I I-SCRIPTURAL THEORIES. 9
exquisite and wonderful mechanism of the human body, but that the human mind itself — emotion, intellect, will, and all their phenomena — were once latent in a fiery cloud. Surely the mere statement of such a notion is more than a refutation. I do not think that any holder of the evolution hypothesis would say that I o…
897 wordsSECTION 31§2.] ANTI-SCRIPTURAL THEORIES. 11
Theories of Development. Lamarck. Lamarck, a distinguished French naturalist, was the first of modern scientific men who adopted the theory that all vegetables and animals living on the earth, including man, are developed from certain original, simple germs. This doctrine was expounded in his *' Zoologie Philosophiqu…
823 wordsSECTION 32§2] ANTI-SCRIPTURAL THEORIES. 1?
on the "Origin of Species" he says: "I believe that animals arc descended from at most only four or five progenitors ; and plants from an equal or lesser number." On the same page,^ however, he goes much further, and says: " Analogy would lead me one step further, namely, to the belief that all animals and plants are d…
876 wordsSECTION 33§2.J ANTI-SCEIPTURAL THEORIES. 15
attack. Its essential harmony with the spirit of the aire, the real learning of its author and advocates, have secured for it an influ- ence which is widespread, and, for the time, imposing. A second remark is that the theory in question cannot be true, because it is founded on the assumption of an impossibility. It a…
1,085 wordsSECTION 34§ 2.] ANTI-SCRIPTURAL THEORIES. 1'.'
the atheistical character of a book is a recommendation, says tl)at Darwin's " theory is the most thoroughly naturalistic tliat can be iuiao-iued, and far more atheistic than that of his despised {verru- feneti) predecessor Lamarck, who admitted at lease a general law of progress and development ; whereas, according to…
495 wordsSECTION 35VOL. II. 2
38 PART n. Cii. L— ORIGIN OF MAN. nation of laws. Now Mr. Darwin's work has for its main object, to show, that all the phenomena of living things — all their won- derful organs and complicated structures ; their infinite variety of form, size, and colour; their intricate and involved relations to each other, — may hav…
594 wordsSECTION 36§ 2.J ANTI-SCRIPTURAL THEORIES. 19
behold were undirected and undesigned, or if the physicist believes that the natural forces to which he refers phenomena are uncaused and undirected, no argument is needed to show that such belief is atheistic." No argument, after what has been said above, can be needed to show that Mr. Darwin does teach that natural c…
1,001 wordsSECTION 37§2.J ANTI-SCRIPTURAL THEORIES. 21
has ever been originated by selection, whether artificial or nat- ural." 1 In " Fraser's Magazine " for June and July, 1860, are two papers on the Darwinian theory, written by WilHam Hopkins, F. R. S. In the number for July it is said, " If we allow full weight to all our author's arguments in his chapter on hybridism…
911 wordsSECTION 38§2.] ANTI-SCRIPTURAL THEORIES. 23
which it can no more see again than a man may recall his infancy, I should expect to be a witness of the evolution of living protoplasm from not living matter. I should expect to see it appear under forms of great simplicity, endowed, like existing fungi, with the power of determining the formation of new protoplasm fr…
919 wordsSECTION 39§2.] ANTI-SCRIPTURAL THEORIES. 25
Owen. 5. Professor Owen, England's great naturalist, agrees witn Dar- win in two points : first, in the derivation or gradual evolution of species ; and secondly, that this derivation is determined by the operation of natural causes. " I have been led," he says, " to recog- nize species as exemplifying the continuous …
886 wordsSECTION 40§ 2.] ANTI-SCRIPTURAL THEORIES.
97 Science has to do with the facts and laws of nature. But here the question concerns the origin of such facts. " Here," says Dr. Gray, " proofs, in the proper sense of the word, are not to be had. We are beyond the region of demonstration, and have only proba- bilities to consider." ^ Christians have a right to prot…
883 wordsSECTION 41§ 2.] ANTI-SCRIPTURAL THEORIES. 29
Sterility of Hybrids. The immutability of species is stamped on the very face of nature. What the letters of a book would be if all were thrown in confu- sion, the genera and species of plants and animals would be, if they were, as Darwin's theory assumes, in a state of constant variation, and that in every possible di…
897 wordsSECTION 42§ 2.] AIJTI-SCRIPTURAL THEORIES. 31
Agassiz, Barrande, Pictet, Falconer, E. Forbes, etc., and all oui greatest geologists, as Lyell, Murchison, Sedgwick, etc., have unanimously, often vehemently, maintained the immutability ol species." ^ In 1830 there was a prolonged discussion of this subject ir> the Academie des Sciences in Paris, Cuvier taking the s…
976 wordsSECTION 43§3.] ANTIQUITY OF MAN. S3
be far easier to believe in fairies forming every plant, than in these gemmules. Finally, it may be noticed that Mr. Wallace, although advocating the doctrine of " Natural Selection," contends that it is not appli- cable to man ; that it will not account for his original or present state ; and that it is impossible, o…
1,545 wordsSECTION 44Part 44
The fact being admitted, the question is. How is it to be ac- counted for ? This juxtaposition is no certain proof of contempora- neoiisness. These caverns, once the resort of wild beasts, became to men places of concealment, of defence, of worship, or of sepul- ture, and, therefore, as Sir Charles Lyell himself admits…
279 wordsSECTION 45§3.] ANTIQUITY OF MAN. 37
There is a third way in which tliis intermingling of the bones of animals of different ages may be accounted for. With legard to the remarkable caverns in the province of Liege, Sir Charles Lyell says that Dr. Schmerling, the naturalist, by whom they had been carefully and laboriously examined, did not think they were …
905 wordsSECTION 46§3.] ANTIQUITY OF MAN. 39
recently, was universal among scientific men. Cuvier was so con- vinced on this point that he could hardly be brought to look al what purported to be the fossil remains of man. This conviction on his part, was not a prejudice ; nor was it due to a reverence for the Bible. It was a scientific conviction founded on scien…
1,291 wordsSECTION 47NATURE OF MAN.
§ 1. Scripture Doctrine. The Scriptures teach that God formed the body of man out of the dust of the earth, and breathed into him the breath of hfe and he became "nT} ll??3, CL living soul. According to this account, man consists of two distinct principles, a body and a soul : the one ma- terial, the other immaterial …
371 wordsSECTION 48§ 1.] SCRIPTURE DOCTRINE. 43
the soul is not material nor the body spiritual. ",To identify mat- ter with mind," says Cousin, in a passage before quoted, " or mind witli matter ; it is necessary to pretend that sensation, thought, volition, are reducible, in the last analysis, to solidity, extension, figuie, divisibility, etc. ; or that solidity, …
981 wordsSECTION 49§1] SCRIPTURE DOCTRINE. 45
however, are plain, (1.} That the relation between the two is a vital union, in such a sense as that the soul is the source of life to the body. When the soul leaves the body the latter ceases to live. It loses its sensibility and activity, and becomes at once subject to the chemical laws which goveim unorganized matte…
949 wordsSECTION 50§ 2.] TRICHOTOMY. 17
reason. This is very nearly the Apollinarian doctrine as to the constitution of Clnist's person, aj^plied to all mankind. § 2. Trichotomy. It is of more consequence to remark that the Scriptural doctnne is opposed to Trichotomy, or the doctrine that man consists of three distinct substances, body, soul, and spirit ; …
1,012 wordsSECTION 51§ 2.] TRICHOTOMY. 49
the words above mentioned, ^53, rm, and nx^^b in Hebrew, if/vx'') and TTceC/xa in Greek, and soul and spirit in English, are used in the Scriptures indiscriminately of men and of irrational animals. If the Bible ascribed only a ij/vxyj to brutes, and both i/'u^i? and ^re)j,u,a to man, there would be some ground for ass…
475 wordsSECTION 52VOL. II. 4
50 PART II. Cn. II. -NATURE OF MAN. the \vlio1e man. As when in Luke i. 46, 47, the virgin says, " Mj soul (ioth magnify the Lord, and my spirit hath rejoiced in God my Saviour," soul and spirit in this passage do not mean different thills. And when we are commanded " Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy hear…
520 wordsSECTION 53§ S.] REALISM. 51
ence, and to tlie earthly house in which it now dwells. It luis uriiinal appetites and necessities. It can hunger and thirst. It needs sleep and rest. But the same soul has higlier powers. The earthly body is suited to its earthly state ; the heavenly body to its heavenly state. There are not two substances ^v^r) and T…
945 wordsSECTION 54§ 3.] REALISM. 53
Cousin quotes the complaint of Anselm against Roscolin and other nominalists, " de ne pas conipreiidre coinment plusieurs hommes ne sont qu'un seul et menie homme, — nondum intelliget quomodo plures homines in specie sint inius homo." ^ The doctrine of his " Monologium " and " Proslogium " and " Dialogus de veritate," …
880 wordsSECTION 55§ 3.] REALISM. 55
genera and species are substances of which the individual is the mere modus existendi. As agency imphes an agent, so foi'ce, which is the manifestation of power, supposes something, a subject or substance in which that power resides. Nothing, a nonentity, can have no power and manifest no force. Force, of necessity, su…
923 wordsSECTION 56§ 3.] REALISM. 5V
the Bible teaches any such doctrine it teaches something outside of the teachings of consciousness, and something to which those teacliings, in the judgment of the vast majority of men, even the most enhghtened, are directly opposed. Realism Contrary to the Teachings of Scripture. 4. The Scriptures not only do not te…
917 wordsSECTION 57§ 3 .] REALISM. 59
M-liereas tlie essence common to all men is only specifically tho same, i. e., of the same kind, although numerically different. The theory which leads to the opposite conclusion must therefore be false. It cannot be true that all mankind are one essence, substance, or organic life, existing or manifesting itself in a …
1,442 wordsSECTION 58Part 58
It was expressed in the schools by saying that Untversalia are ante rem. The other form of the doctrine asserts that the Universalia are in re. That is that the universals exist only in the indisMduals ; and that the individuals alone ai'e real. " L'identite des individus," says Cousin ^ in his exposition of this form …
455 wordsSECTION 59§4.] ANOTHER FORM OF REALISM. 63
Some scientific men, instead of defining species as a groui of in- dividuals having certain characteristics in common, say with Pro- fessor Dana, that it " corresponds to the specific amount or con- dition of concentred force, defined in the act or law of creation ;" or with Dr. Morton, that it is " a primordial organi…
766 wordsSECTION 60THE ORIGIN OF THE SOUL.
§ 1. Theory of Preexistence. Three theories have been advanced as to the origin of the soul First, that of the Preexistence of the soul ; secondly, that of Tra- duction, or the doctrine that the soul of the child is derived from the soul of the parent ; tliirdly, that of immediate Creation, or the doctrine that the so…
797 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical edition (1876). Text from OCR of an original Internet Archive scan; OCR may contain recognition errors.
Project Gutenberg source record →
Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.