(1648) : 'The books commonly called A., not being of divine inspiration, are no part of the Can. of the Scripture ; and therefore are of no authority in the Chmch of God, nor to be in any otherwise approved, or made use of, than other human waitings. This means the exclusion of the A from the Bible and from use in Cliurch service, which the Puritans demanded in 1689. It was not unlU 1827, after two years' sharp dispute, that the Britisli and Foreign Bible Society decided to exclude tlie A. from all its publications of the Bible.
Witliin the Church of England the number of readings from the A. has been reduced. Origin- ally covering Sept. 27-Nov. 23, in 1867 selections from Wis, Sir, and Bar only are assigned for Oct. 27-Nov. 17, beside some selections for certain holy days. The latter, with readings from To, Wis, and Sir for Nov. 2-20, are retained by the Amer. Epis. Church, whUe the Irish removes all.
Among non-Episcopal Churches the A has had in recent years practically no recognition.
On the Continent the movement toward the ex- clusion of the A. from edd. of the Bible has been slower. The decision of the British Society in 1827 met with a storm of disapproval. The con- troversy revived in 1850, when numerous works apijeared for and against the retention of tlie A. in edd. of the Bible. Its ablest champions were, among Consen-ative scholars, Stier and Hengsten- berg ; among Liberals, Bleek. In the Revision of Luther's Bible (1892) it stUl stands, with Luther's title.
The long controversy regarding the eanonicity of the a*" books, in which the power of tradition and the weakness of reason in matters of religious concern are conspicuously illustrated, may be said to have ended for Protestantism. The modern historical interest, on tlie other hand, is putting these wTitings in their true place as significant documents of a most important era in religious history.
LITERATURE.— 1. Tkxt : rrltrache, Libri ApocrtpM Veterit Testamenti GrcBce (UpaiiB 1871) ; KUd. ol the LXX, esp. Swet« (Camb. 18S7-1894).
2. TRAN8LAT10NB INTO Enolish : Ball, The Variorum A. (AV, with varioua renderings and readings), lsy2 ; A Revised tr. by Bissell (l)elow) ; Churton, Utican. and Apocj-yphal Scripiurn (1884) ; The KV oJ the A. (189r>).
3. Introduction and Cohmentaribb : Schurer, UJP, tr. by Macphcrson, «< al. 1885-1890, §S 32, S3 ; Fritzschc and Orimm, Kurzg^a*sta Exegetitcheg Uandlntch zu tU-n Apokryphen des Alien TatamenU (Leipzig, 1851-18OT); Bissell, 'Tlie A. of the OT' (Lange-Schaff, Cam. vol. xv. 18S0); 'The Apocrypha.' edited by H. Wace (Speaka't Com. 188S).
4. Oenkbal: Art. on the A. in Herrog, RS t Aufl. (by Bcburcr); Smith, Cif (by Hvle) ; Wctzcr und Welte, Encyk. d. Kathol. Thfol.'i (by Kaulenj ; Hamburger, HE (Jewish 1.
See also &rticleaUifiLB,6Ki'TUAQiNT,CA.N0N, and literature there
cited. Frank C. Porter.
APOLLONIA ('AToXXoiWa).— ApoUonia, in Ac 17', a town through which St. Paul passed, after leaving Anipliipolis, on his way to Thessalonica. It was an inland Gra;co-Macedonian town in the district of Mygdonia, distant from Am|iliipolis a day's journey (Liv. xlv. 28) or about 30 miles, and from Thessalonica about 38 miles. It lay not far from the Lake Bolbe, and the Via Egnatia pa.sscd through it. Little ia known of its history. Its name (so common as to be represented bv 33 entries in Pauly-Wias. RE, three in Mnci'donia itself, while the most important was A. in lllyri;i) seems preserved in the modern Pnllinn (Ltake, A'.G. iii. 458). William P. Dickso.n.
APOLLONIUS fAroXXiiriot). — Apollonius, a personal name of frequent occurrence (under which 129 entries appear in Pauly-Wiiis. RE), is bornu by several persons mentioned in 1 and 2 Mac.
1. The first, in the apparent order of time, is described (2 Mac 3°) as son of Thras.-eue (or
124
APOLLONIUS
APOLLOS
Thraseaa ; — the RV notes the text as probably corrupt, and uuggests, as perhaps the true reading, 'Apollonius of 'larsus'), and governor ((rrpaTj^yis) of Coile-Syria and Phcenice under Seleucus IV. Philopator (B.C. 187-175). One Simon, designated as governor (RV guardian) of the temple (2 Mac 3* TpoaTdrris), having had dift'erences with the high- priest Onias concerning ' market-administration ' (dyopafofdat seems preferable to the common reading rapavofiias), took his revenge by suggest- ing to Apollonius that the temple at Jerus. con- tamed untold treasures, which might tempt the king's cupidity. A. conveyed the suggestion to Seleucus, and induced him to send Heliodorus his chancellor (RV ; not 'treasurer,' AV), to Jerus. to plunder the temple. The devices of Heliodorus, the consternation occasioned by his purpose, and the apparition by which it was baffled, are narrated in 2 Alac 3. In 4 Mac 4''^* the attempt is presented as the act of A. himself, and not of Heliodorus.
2. At 2 Mac 4"' an A., son of Menestheus, appears, sent by Antiochus Epiphanes as envoy to Egypt on occasion of the ' enthroning ' (which seems the best interpretation of irpaToicXlata or irporro/tXTjirio, literally the first 'sitting on,' or formal ' call to ' the throne) of Ptolemy Philometor (in B.C. 173). He may not improbably be the same A. who is mentioned by Livy (xlii. 6) as having headed an embassy sent by Antiochus to Rome.
3. At 2 Mac 5^'^ we find an A. sent by Antiochus Epiphanes (in B.C. 166), with an army of 22,000 men, to Judcea, under orders to slay all tliat were of age for military service, and to sell the ■women and children. Coming to Jerus. under pre- text of peace, he took advantage of the Sabbath, when the Jews were keeping their day of rest, to massacre ' great multitudes.' He is characterised as * that detestable ringleader ' (RV ' lord of pollutions ' ; tivadpxVt not occurring elsewhere, possibly 'ruler of the Mysians,' but probably ' leader in foul deeds '), while the use of the article seems to point to one previously mentioned, and so suggests nis identity with the ' governor of Ccele- Syria' (in ch. 3» and 4*: No. 1 above). The interval of nine years leaves this at least doubtful ; but there is less reason to question his identity with the person not named but described at 1 Mac 1^ as 'chief collector of tribute' sent by the Hellenizing king to carry out his policy of destruction. Jos. {Ant. XII. vii. 1) designates him as commandant {erpaTTTyis) of Samaria (apparently = provincial governor, iiepiSipxv^t XII. v. 5), and records his sub- sequent fall, in conflict with Judas Maccabsus, as does also 1 Mac 3>»-".