The OT conceptions respecting Abaddon may be gathered from a comparison of the passages Job 20'> 28=^ 31". In the hrst of these the word Abaddon stands in parallelism with SheOl or the underworld (Hades), just as we find in Pr 15". Delitzsch in his comment on this la.st pas.sage endeavours to draw a distinction between Shedl and Abaddon, the latter designating the lowest depth of Hades ; but I see no warrant for this in Or, though in later times we know that such a distinction was made (Schwally, ibid. p. 166, on Lk 10^"**, and Wendt, Teaching uf Jesus, i. p. 109). Moreover, in Job 31" the same conception prevails in the mind of the writer as in the previous OT passajjus to which we have referred. So also in I's 88^', where Abaddon and the grave stand in parallelism. On the other hand, it is worthy of notice that in Job 2S'^'' we lind the beginnings of that pcrsonihcation which in later times was to have so extended a development. For in that pa.ssage both Abaddon and Death are persoiiilied, and words are a.scribed to them. Cf. the vivid and dramatic portrayal of the devourinj; SheAl in Is 5'*. On the use of ["Jit in the Wisdom literature of OT see art. AbaddoN.
OWKN C. WnlTEHOOSE.
APOSTASY — The Eng. word does not occur. The Gr. airorraala is used twice : (1) in defining the charge made against St. Paul (Ac 2P') that he ' taught all the Jews which are among the Gentiles to forsake Moses ' (so AV, RV ; Gr. awoaToalar iv6 Muircr^us, lit. 'a. from Moses') ; and (2) as the word used for the 'falling away' (so AV, RV) which precedes or accompanies the revelation of the 'Man of Sin' (2 Tn '£'). See Comin. in /(>•. and art. Man of Sin. J. Hastings.
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APOSTLE
APPAREL
APOSTLE. — The proper meaning of djr6<rTo\os is an ambassador, who not only curries a message like an fiyycXos, but also represents the sender. So Herodotus (i. 21) of Alyattes to Miletus; (v. 38) of Miletus to Sparta. The influence of Athens diverted it for a time (e.g. Demosth. p. 252) to mean a naval squadron ; and in later law dTrocrroXoi were the litterm dimissorim by which a case was re- ferred to a higher court. In Hel. Greek it returns to its other meaning. This is not very distinct in 1 K 14' ( Ahijah iTr. <rKXi)p4s to Jeroboam's wife), the (inly place where it is found in LXX, though Symmachus has it clear in Is lS^(that sendeth c'l'S' by the sea). So there seem to have been awfxrToKoi. sent from Jerusalem to collect the temple money, and diriffToXoi sent by the foreign Jews to bring it to Jerus. Later on, the patriarch at Tiberias liad dTricTToXoi at his disposal (Epiph. Hcxn: 30, p. 129; Cod. Theod. xviii. 8. 14, where Honorius, in 3'J8, abolishes the whole system of taxation. See Gothofred, ad loc).
In NT it is found Mt 10» (rCiv Si SuSexa iw.), Mk 6*" (oi dTT.— those sent forth, v.'), Jn 13" (in the general sense), and frequently in Luke and Paul. Once (He 3') of our Lord Himself, which is the thought of Jn 17'*.
After the ascension the number of the Lord's apostles was not fixed at twelve, except in the figurative language of Rev 21". Setting aside envoys of men (2 Co 8^ iir. ^/ckXi/o-uDi/, Ph 2=» i/iuv Si dir.) and false apostles (2 Co 11'^ Rev 2^) who needed to be tried (contrast iireipa<ras with 1 Jn 4' SoKtfid^eTc), we have first Matthias, though it is best left an open (question whether he was permanently numbered \nth the Eleven. Of Paul and Barnabas there can be no doubt (e.g. Ac 14" oi dTT. B. (cai n.), and of James the Lord's brother very little (Gal I", 1 Co 15' and perhaps 9'). Andronicus and Juntas at Rome seem to be 'notable' apostles (Ro 16' iTri<Trj/i.ot Iv tois dx.), and possibly Silvanus also was an apostle. On the other hand, Timothy is shut out by the greetings of 2 Co, Col, Ph, and possibly 2 Ti 4" (eiiayye- XiffToC), and Apollos (I Co 4'-" is indecisive) by Clement (Ep. 47), who most likely knew the fact of the case.
The first qualification of the apostle was to have 'seen the Lord' (Lk 24« Ac P-H 1 Co 9'), for his first duty was to bear witness of the Lord's resur- rection (eM. also Ac 2'*). Matthias, Paul, and James (1 do 15') had this qualification; probably Barnabas, Andronicus, and Junias, who were all of the earliest disciples ; and very possibly Silvanus also. On the other hand, it is unlikely of Apollos, hardly possible of Timothy, who were not apostles. We have no reason to suppose that this condition was ever waived, unless we throw forward the Teaching into the 2nd cent. The second qualifica- tion was (2 Co 12'") the ' signs of an apostle,' which consisted partly in all patience, partly in signs and wonders and powers, and partly again (e.g. 1 Co 9^) in efiective work among his own converts.
These, however, were only qualifications which others also held. A direct call was also needed, for (1 Co 12^ leero 6 e(6s, Eph 4" airrbi (SuKty) no human authority could choose an apostle. In the case of Barnabas and Saul (Ac 13') an outward commission from the Church was added ; and if Matthias remained an apostle, we must for once assume that the outward appointment somehow included the inward call of the Spirit.