The work of the apostle was (1 Co 1") to preach, or (2 Co 5**, Eph 6''"') to be an ambassador on be- half of Christ. He was (Lk 24^) to be a witness to all nations, and (Mt 28") to make disciples of them, so that the whole world was his mission field. There is no authentic trace (legends in Ens. HE iii. I, and apocryphal works) of any local
division of the world amongst the apostles, though (Gal 2") it was settled at the Conference that the Three were to go to the Jews, Paul and Barnabas to the Gentiles. St. Paul's refusal (Ho 15-") to ' build on another man's foundation ' was due rather to courtesy and prudence than to any i)ar. ticular assignment of districts to another apostle.
It follows that the apostle belonged to the Church in general, and had no local ties. He had a right indeed (1 Co 9*- °- '^) to eat and drink and live of the gospel, and to lead about a Christian woman as a wife ; but this was all. His life was spent in journeyings, in labours, and distresses (2 Co 6^), standing in the front of danger like (1 Co 4°) some doomed bestinrius of the amphi- theatre. Certain dwelling-place he had none. The Teaching goes so far as to declare him a false prophet if he stays a third day in one place. St. Paul worked for months together from Corinth and Ephesus ; but they were only centres for his work, no settled home for him. Only the unique posi- tion of Jerus. seemed to call for a stationary apostle in James the Lord's brother, who, more- over, was not one of the Twelve. John and Philiji, and possibly Andrew, only settled down in Asia in their old age.
The apostle's relation to the Churches he founded was naturally indefinite. He would (Ac 14-^) choose their first local officials, start them in the right way, and generally help them with fatherly counsel (1 Co 4''- "') when he saw occasion. There is no sign that he took any share in their ordinary administration. St. Paul interferes with it only in cases where the Churches have gone seriously Avrong. All that he seems to aim at is (1) to up- hold the authority committed to him ; (2) to check teachings which made the gospel vain, like the duty of circumcision, the denial of the resurrec- tion, or the need of asceticism ; (3) to stop mi- porate misconduct which the Churches themselves would not stop, as when the Corinthians saw no great harm in fornication, or turned the Lord's Supper into a scene of disorder. Questions referred to him he answers as far as possible on general principles, giving (1 Co 7) a command of the Lord when he can, and in default of it an opinion of hi? own, and sometimes a hint that they need not have asked him. In general, the apostle is not a regular ruler in the same sense as a modem bishoji, but an occasional referee like the visitor of a college, who acts only in case of special need.
Ln-ERATURR. — Lightfoot, Go/., Excureus on The Harm and Office of an Apostle ; Hamack, Texte u. (Inters, ii. 1, pp. l»;i-llS ; Weizaacker, Apost. Znt<iUc:A 584-590 ; Haupt, Zum Verstund- nisi d. Apostotats im N.T., 1896. H. M. GWATKIN.
APOTHECARY is found Ex 30»- " 37», 2 Ch 16", Neh 3', Ec 10', and in every case RV gives per- fumer instead. For the ref. is not to the selling of drugs, but to the making of perfumes (npn spice, perfume ; np-i to mix spice or manufacture perfume ; np'i a perfumer). But in Sir 38* 49' (fi.vp(\j/bs) RV retains a., though from 49' it is evident that the perfumer is meant. J. Hastings.
APPAIM (D-jx 'the nostrils').— Son of Nadab, a man of Judah (1 Ch 2'»->i). See Genealogy.
APPAREL. — In early Eng. a. is used of house- hold furniture, the rigging of a ship, and the like, but in AV it is confined to clothing. Although the word is now practically obsol., RV (following older VSS) has introduced it some ten times. In 1 S Vt"^-" a. replaces 'armour' of AV, very properly, for the reference is to Saul's military dress, not his armour. 1 P 3'' RV 'the incorrupt- ible a. of a meek and quiet spirit' is the only in- stance of a fig. use of the word in the Bible. (Cf.
APi-AKENTLY
APPHUS
127
Ph 2", Tindale's tr., 'and was found in his a. as a man,' AV and RV 'fashion'). Apparelled occurs 2 S 13'*, Lk 7"; to which KV adds Ps 93"" (both tig.). See Dress. J. Hastings.
APPARENTLY, only Nu 12', and in the old sense of 'openlv,' 'evidently,' not aa now, 'seem- ingly' : '\A ith Iiim will I speak mouth to mouth, even a. (KV ' manifestly ), and not in dark upeeches.' Cf. Shaks. Com. Err. IV. i. 78 — * If be should scorn me so apparently.*
J. tiASTINGS.
APPARITION.— This word does not occur in AV except in the Apocr., Wis 17' (Gr. tfdaXna, RV 'spectral form'), 2 Mac 3** (Gr., ewKpdvem, RV 'apparition,' RVm 'manifestation), and 5* (Gr. fxi^di-eio, RV 'vision,' RVm 'manifestation'). The Revisers have introduced a. at Mt 14^, Mk 6" as tr. of <t>drTa(rtuji ( AV ' spirit '). J. Hastings.