J. Hastings.
APPHIA. — A Christian lady of Colossa-, a membiT of the household of Philemon, very probalily his wife. Iler memorj* is honoured in the Greek Church on Nov. 22, as having been stoned to death at Colossa; with i'liilrnion, Archippus, and Onesimus in the reign of Niru ; but the authority for this fact is unknown. Tlie name is Phrygian, being frequent in Phrygian Inscriptions under the varying forms 'A7r</.(n, 'Aipiftia, 'Anifiiat. In Philem. (v.') the best attesteil reading is 'Air<pl</ ; but 'A<p<pl(f, 'kfiiplif, 'Arrlf are also found, and the Latin VSS vary between Appliiie, Apphiadi, Appia-. In the latter ca-so it was probalily a.HHimi- Inted to the Latin .\ppia (Light foot, Ci/lii.1.1. p. 372: Menieon, November, pp. 1-13-147). W. Locic.
APPHUS ('Airi^oCt, lM<)><l>oit A, 2oT^I>t K V, ytj'j'/i tti 9 (Vulg. ), .mng^ ... (Syr.), 1 Mao 2° 'A^^oCt (.los.
Ani. Xll. vi. 1)). the surname of Jonathan the Mn*-
128
APPIUS, MARKET OF
APPOINT
cabee. The name is usually thought to mean ' Dissembler' (bisn) ; and some suppose that it was given to Jonathan for his stratatrem against the tribe of the Jambri, who had killed his brother John (1 Mac 9"-"). H. A. White.
APPIOS, MARKET OF ('AtttIov <p6pov, AV Appii Furttm, Ac 28"), was one of the two points on St. Paul's journey to Rome at which he was met by Christian brethren from the capital. It was situated 43 miles from Rome, on the great Appian military highway, which formed the main route toT mtercourse >vith Greece and the East. As a station where travellers halted and changed horses, it naturally became a seat of traffic and local jurisdiction. It was, moreover, the kirthem terminus of a canal {fossa) which was c&iTied alongside of the road, and was used, as we learn from Strabo (v. 233), for the conveyance, chiefly by night, of passengers in boats towed by mules. Horace has {Sat. i. 5) preserved a vivid picture of the place, with its boatmen, innkeepers, and wayfarers, cheating, carousing, and quarrelling, amidst an accompanying plague of gnats and frogs from the Pomptine marshes.
William P. Dickson.
APPLE (niBB tappuah). — The conditions to be fulfilled by the tappuah are that it should be a fine tree, suitable to sit under (Ca 2') : 'As the apple tree among the trees of the wood, so is my beloved among the sons. I sat down under his shadow with great delight.' It should be of size sullicient to overshadow a booth or house (Ca 8°) : 'I raised thee up under the apple tree ; there thy mother brought thee forth ; tliere she brouglit thee forth that bare thee.' It had a sweet fruit (Ca 2^) : ' and his fruii was sweet to my taste.' It also had a pleasant smell (Ca 7') : ' and the smell of thy nose like apples.' It was used to revive a person who was languid (Ca 2') : ' Stay me with raisiuc, comfort me with apples ; for I am sick of love.
The apple fulfils all the conditions perfectly. It is a fruit tree which often attains a large size, is planted in orchards and near houses, and is a special favourite of the people of Palestine and Syria. It is true that the fruit of the Syrian apple is far inferior to that of Europe, and especi- ally to that of America. Nevertheless it is a favourite with all the people, and in a few places fine varieties have been mtroduced and thriven well. Doubtless such an epicure as Solomon would have had many of the choicest kinds. Almost all the apples of Syria and Palestine are sweet. To European and American palates they seem insipid. But they have the delicious aroma of the better kinds, and it is for this quality that they are most prized. It is very common, when visiting a friend, to have an apple Landed to you, just to smell. Sick people almost invariably ask the doctor if they may have an apple ; and if he objects, they urge their case with the plea that they only want it to smell. If a person feels faint or sea-sick, he likes nothing better than to get an apple to smell. It is an everyday sight to see an apple put over the mouth of the small earthenware water pitcher (called in Arabic ahrtn) to give a slight aroma of apple to the water. The first thing with which the capricious appetite of a convalescent child is tempted is an apple, which he fondles and squeezes with his fingers to develop the aroma, but perhaps never so much as bites. A very favourite preserve is also made of the apple.
It will be seen by these facts that the apple fulfils all the conditions of the tappuah. Add to this that the Arabic name ajfclh k* identical, and noway ambiguous as to its signification, and the evirVence is complete. There Is no other fruit
wliich at all realises all these conditions. The quince has a sour, acerb taste, never sweet. The citron was probably introduced later than OT times ; it has a fruit with a thick rind, eatable only after a very elaborate process of preserving with sugar. The pulp is never eaten in any form. The orange is a fruit introduced from the Spanisli Peninsula during the Middle Ages. Its name, burdekiin, is a corruption of the Arabic name for Portugal, bartughal. It was probably not known to the Hebrews. Tlie apricot is not a fruit with any special fragrance, and is never used as the apple to refresh the sick. A further confirmation of the identity of tappuah with tiff'dh, the Arabic for apple, is the present name 'leffdh for Beth- tappuah (Jos 15^).