f point in the temple. Klostermann {Komm.) trans- ates and explains by ' Stand-halter und der Trotz- bieter,' the ' firm and defying one,' referring to God. Thenius (Knmm.) joins both words to make the expression ' He will establish by strength ' ; but the text is against it, and so is the fact that there are two pillars, each with a name of its own.
T. W. Davies. BOCCAS.— See Borith.
BOCHERU (1-ija). — A descendant of Jonathan (1 Ch 8«=9«). For form of name cf. Gaahmu, Neh 6'- «.
BOCHIM (B'pSn), ' weepers,' Jg 2'. — Unknown as a geographical site. Possibly the orig. reading was Sn^'J. see Moore, ad loc, and BETHEL.
BODY. — 1. Early bil)lical usage had no fixed term for the human body as an entire organism, and, consequently, none to use, as such, in precise antithesis to ' soul ' or ' spirit.' An assortment of tenns was employed, each of which strictly denotes only one part or element of the bodily nature, Bucn as trunk, bones, belly, bowels, reins, flesh. The last is by far tlie most prominent, probably as supplying to tlie body its form, colour, and beauty. Flesh is used through both Testaments for the corporeal nature of man in connexion with and contrast to the inner or spiritual nature. (See Flesh.) Of the other terms, n;ij (once in late Heb., 1 Ch 10" n;«) originally probably the cavity containing the vitals, moat nearly denotes the whole, and is ap[)lied both to the living body (Gn 17") and to the corpse (1 S 31'°) ; Bones {dt,i, d^v) once, Pa 139" prob. collectively, 'my bony frame.' The word is suggestively used to denote the reality or strengtli of a thing, i.e. the thing itself (Ex 24'°, .Job ai*"). Some of these ancient terms for the bodily parts have passed over into the NT, and indeed into all popular speech with certain definite pay<-liical connotations. Thus Belly (|2J, (toiXia) stands througliout Scripture for tlie seat of appetite and of the carnal all'ections {e.g. Ko 16", I'li 3"), yet also connotes the inward nature, the innermost of tlie soul (cf. Pr 18' 20"- " 22", .In 7"). So Bowels (o'l'O, o-r;rn), besides its literal, or first meaning, is plentifully used, met- onymiee, for the symiiatliotio or compassionate aflections (Gn 43><', 1 K S", 2 Co 6" 7", Ph 2', Col 3"). That the same kind of transference from the bodily to the mental region lias taken
place with the terms Heart and Reint goes with- out saying.
2. Later OT writers may have come under the influence of Greek thought in construing the whole body or outer man as the dwelling, clothing, or integument of the soul. If the expression (Job 4"') icrr'Bj ' houses of clay,' refers, as is com- monly thought, to human bodies, it is an instance closely imitated by the Apocr. writer (Wis 9") in the phrase 'earthly taDemacIe ' or ' frame ' (RV), and which reappears in 2 Co 5'. In Daniel the Aramaic word c:;-: is used for bo ly (Dn 3" 4*' [Heb.] 5"), and another Aramaic word (of Persian origin) nj-ij is used along with nn (7") in exactly the figurative manner so familiar to later thought, ' ^ly spirit was grieved in the midst of my body' (lit. 'of his sheath ').
3. In the NT, body {a-u/m) signifies the complete organism with all its members (1 Co I'i'* etc.), and stands in clear and constant antithesis to ' soul ' and 'spirit.' Throughout the whole of Scripture the place of the body as an integral constituent of man's nature is msisted on. This must be made prominent in our Bible doctrine of man as contrasted with philosophic and other notions depreciatory of his bodily nature. But for this, as well as for the Bible Dualism or Dichotomy, see art. Psvchology, J. Laidlaw.
BODYGUARD 1 Es 3* RV only. See GUARD.
BOHAIRIC VERSIONS.-See EoypxiAX Vek-
SIONH.
BOHAN (pa, perhaps 'covering^). — A son of Reuben, ace. to Jos 15« 18" (both 1'). The stone of B. is mentioned in these two passages as fornung a mark of division between Judah and Benjamin. It is impossible to identify the site wliere it stood.
J. A. Selbie.
BOILS.— See Medicine.
BOLDNESS.— In OT 'bold' is given as tr° of ns; bA(ah to trust, Pr 28' ' the righteous are b. as a lion.' In Gn 34^ ' Simeon and Levi . . . came upon the city boldly,' the Heb. is the noun n;3 be(ah from hdtnh, and is applied, not to Simeon and Levi, but to the inhabitants of the city, ' they came upon the city (dwelling) securely' (so RV, but R Vm ' boldly "). In Ec 8' ' boldness ' is lit. ' strength ' (ly 'fe), and is tr^ ' hardness' in RV.
In Apocr. ' bold ' occurs in a bad sense. Sir 8" ' Travel not by the way with a b. fellow' (roKix-qplit RV ' rash man '), and 19* ' a bold man shall be taken away ' ('f/vxh ToX^Tjpd, RV 'a reckless soul ').
The luij. Tci/^fif occiire In NT only Ro 16i» ' I write the more boldly unto you ' (TU rokpt^portftw^ WU ro\fx.tipoTipm() ; and rcyin^ri.t ' an audacious person,' only 2 P '21i> (AV ' presumptu- OUB,' RV ' daring; ') ; but TuXotf » is frequent, the most interost- Inff occurrence beinif 2 Co 102 where the apostle uses first Oapptm and then toVmcw, both tr* ' be bold ' in AV, but in KV ' that I may not when present »/iout cmtragf with the conflden>-« where- with I count to be hold against some." Thayer sa.vs that tf. denote! confidence in one's own itrenirth or capacity, v. bold- ness or darinjf in undertakinc ; ti. has reference more to the character, r. to lt« manifestation {NT Lfx. p. 628* ; cf. Sanday and lliadlam on Ro l.'i'» : 'the boldness of which St. Piiiil accuses himself Is not in sentiment, but in manner'). The Ionic form of 6. {Ba.pr\m) occurs in LXX and NT only a« im-