2. ' Born again ' in 1 P 1» (RV ' having been begotten again,' as P) is one word in the Gr. (oi-o- ytvuiu) ; in Jn 3'-' ' born again ' (RV ' born anew ') two words {ftfriuj HvwOev) ; but that the compound word in 1 V !•■ "» is an exact eiiuivalent of the two words in Jn .3''', and lliat therefore ii>/u9ti'='anew' here, not ' from above,' has been proved, esii. by Ezra Abbot in The Autltnrship of the, Fiturth Gosnil (Boston, ISSO, p. 34 f. ; London. 1892, p. .30(1".). See Reuengration.
S. In 1 Co 15' 'one b. out of doe time,' the Gr. is a single word, licrpufia, an untimely birth, an abortion.* J. IIastings.
BORROWING.— See Debt.
BOSOM.— See Abraham's Bosom.
BOSOR (Uo<T6p), 1 Mao 6»»-".— A town in Gilead. The site is uncertain.
BOSORA {Boffopa), 1 Mac 5*^ ».— Mentioned with Bosor. Ajjparently the great city of Bo?rah — the Roman Bostra on the E. of Bashan, which is not mentioned in the Bible. C. B. CONDER.
BOSS (Job 15*").— Bucklers and shields were made of successive skins stretched over a frame, a laj'er of metal being superimposed on the whole. To break the force of a blow, metal studs or bosses were affixed in addition. i(rirlde$ ipupaXi- «r<Tai were known to Homer (//. iv. 448). The Heb. word D'53 gabbim, ' bosses,' properly means things rounded, e.q. the back of an animal or the felloe of a wheel. I'ossibly in Job 15** the true meaning is simply the convex (back-like) side of a shield, or again it might be the metal rim (' felloe'), ' thick,' perhaiis, because threefold, as in the shield of Achilles (II. xviiL 479, ie/>i i' iyrvyaSdWe (paeivTjv TplrXaKa). W. E. BaRNES.
BOTANY.— See Plants.
BOTCH, a swelling (the same word orig. as 'boss'), but confined to disease, an eruption in the skin, Dt 28-'' ' the b. of Egj'pt,' and ** ' a sore b.' {]Ty, RV ' boil,' as elsewhere in AV Ex 9»- '»• ", Lv 13i8.i».ao.a [1611 'bile'], 2 K 20', Job 2', Is 38'^' [all]). See MEDICINE. J. Hastings.
BOTTLE (nrn, iijj, S53, pspa, a'ln, i(rK6s ; RV skin, wine-skin). — The multiplicity of names is sujj- gestive of its manifold use, serving as a receptat-Te at once for a tear (Ps 56") and a thunderstorm (Job 38"). The mention of bottle in connexion with the Gibeonites, Hagar, David, etc., refers to botli pastoral and agricultural life (Jos 9*, Gn 21", 1 S 25'"). The bottle was a leathern bag made from the skins of the young kid, goat, cow, or bulliilo. The largest ones were roughly squared and sewn up. The smaller were drawn olt'entire, thus retain- ing the shape of the animal with the legs removed. Those for holding water, milk, butter, and cheese usually had the hair left on, but for wine and oil the tanning had to be more thoroughly done. This was by means of oak-bark and seasoning in smoke, a process that gave a pitchy astringency of flavour to the wine contained in them. The distension that the leather underwent once, and once only, during fermentation, gave the parable that each age must interpret for itself with regard to the new treat- ment of new truths (Mt 9", Mk 2", Lk 5").
The skin-bottle, being portable and unbreakable, was admirably suited for the deep stone-built well, the shepherd's troughs, and the encampment of the traveller in waterless districts. The carrying of water for sale for household purposes has often been an emblem of servitude, an(f is chiefly done by the aged and infirm. One of the characteristic figures in Oriental towns during summer is the man who sells from his drii)ping goat- skin the refreshing drink of iced-water flavoured with lemon, rose, or liquorice, temptingly claj>ping his brass cups, and ci-ying ' Drink, drink, thirsty one' (cf. Is 55'). While the bottle is highly prized, and its water is a grateful necessity, the luxury of the
* On thitt word seo eap. HuxtAble Id Hxpotitor, Seoood series vol. ill. p. 2t)9 B.
312
BOTTOM
BOWL
East belongs to the spring itself, to the draught from the fountain of living waters. Hence the com- parison at Jacob's well (Jn 4"), and the one blessed terminus of all the Shepherd's leading (Rev 7").
For Bottle of earthenware see Pitcher, Vessel.
G. M. Mackie.
BOTTOM. — 1. Common enough for the deep of the sea, ' bottom ' is used in Zee 1* for a deep place in the land, a valley : ' the myrtle trees that were in the b.' (RVm ' shady place,' Heb. TK nVi-jj, Baer n^is; ; the pi. is used of the depths of the sea Jon 2",' of a river Zee 10", and of miry places Pb 69" ; see Wright on Zee 1*). Compare — •
' We0t of this place, down in the neighbour bottom.'
Shaks. As You Like It, iv, iL 70.
The word is still used locally in this sense. 2. The pi. ' bottoms ' occurs Jon 2* ' I went down to the b. of the mountains ' (Dig, lit. ' a cutting off,' as AVm) ; Wis 17" 'out of the bottoms of inevitable hell ' {ii adwarov ^5ou fjLVx^^)'
3. Bottomless Pit is the AV tr" of <pp4ap t^s ipvaaov, Rev 9'-' (RV ' pit of the abyss'), and of d/Swcrot alone, 9" 11' IT 20'- » (RV 'abyss'). See Abyss. J. Hastings.