In determining what the bonnet was: (1) we find it distinguished from the miznepheth or turban of the high priest, on the compactly folded front of which the gold plate lay fastened with a cord (S-n? Ex 28*'-''), a leas ornate form being worn on the Great Day of Atonement (Lv 16*). (2) It was highly ornamental ' for glory and beauty' (Ex 28"). (3) It was of fine linen ( Ex 39-»). (4) It was one of the items of elaborate female attire (Is 3*').
These allusions seem to converge towards an article of outdoor wear, needed where service exposed to the sun, and yet having a distinctly decorative purpose. These conditions are best met by the loose kerchief for head and neck, which is still a striking feature in Oriental dress ; and in its protective usefulness and dignified elegance is an accommodation at once to the climate and the character.
While this bonnet or head -tire among the Bedawin is simply a square of black or blue cotton, and the day-labourer improvises anything to cover the back of the head and neck, that worn by the men of the to^^'ns and villages is a fabric aoout a yard square of the finest white sUk, usually edged with bright stripes, and called a kufiyeh.
The corresponding art. of female dress is the graceful outdoor veil for the head and neck, called a turhah.
This would connect iV??? ^tb Vii), and the Arab. kubba'ah ' cowl.' According to tliis interpretation, a survival of the article in a modified form may be seen in the drapery that droops in light loose folds from the high turban of the Oriental priest ; and.
TrRBAS OF ORIENTAI. (ORRBK) rRIXST.
by its connexion with the monk's hood and the conventual veU, is stUl among the insignia of priestly dress. (See Dress.) G. M. Mackie.
BOOK.— See Writing.
BOOTH. — At the season when the fruits of field and orchard are ripening, the Syrian peasant often finds it prudent to leave his home in the village and take up his abode for a time in ' the portion of the field ' belonging to him, for the double purpose of guarding his produce against ill-disposed neigh- bours, and of more efl'ectively carrying on the work
BOOTY
BOTTLE
311
of the grain and fruit harvesta. To shelter hira and his from the noonday heat and from the dews of night (cf. la 4'), a small hut is haatily constructed of leafy hranches from the nearest trees. Such an erection is called in Heb. njp, by AV variously rendered 'booth,' 'tabernacle,' 'pavilion,' etc. ' Jonah's b. was of this description (4'), and so were those in which Jacob sheltered his cattle (whence the name Succoth), Gn 33". The army in the field was similarly protected by booths, 2 S 11", 1 K 20'^" (EV ' pavilions').
In the East the custom still prevails, whereby the owners of small adjoining vineyards combine to secure the 8er\'ices of a watcher to protect the ripening grapes from robbers and wild beasts. l''or tlie more etticient discharge of his duty the watch- man is provided with a more elaborate booth. Four stout poles are fixed in the soil a few feet apart ; to these uprights four cross pieces are tirmly secured, some six or more feet from the ground. Boards resting on the cross-pieces form the floor, while the roof is made in a similar way of boughs of trees or matting. In this elevated watch-tower the watch- man spends his nights, gun in hand, the open sides allowing an uninterrupted view of the area to be observed. This is the ' b. that the keeper maketh ' to which Job refers (27"), and the 'cottage (RV booth) in a vine}'ard ' to which Isaiah compares the desolate daughter of Zion. See illust. under CUCUMUER. For booths as used at the Feast of Tabebnacles, see that article.
A. R. S. Kennedy.
BOOTY.— See War.
BORDER OF THE Garment.— See Dress, Fringe. Borderer, 2 Mac ff" ' the princes that are borderers and neighbours' (ol vapaKfifitvoi). The word is now almost restricted in Eng. to those who dwell on the Border between England and Scotland. Here it is an accurate tr°, in the sense of one whose country touches another's.
BORITH (2 Es I').— One of the ancestors of Ezra, called in 1 Es 8' Boccas, and in 1 Ch 6»- ", Ezr 7* Ul'KKI (which see).
BORN, BORNE 1. The Ox/. Eng. Dirt, discovers
43 different senses in which the verb ' to bear' is used ; the last being ' to give birth to,' spoken of fe- male mammalia, and esp. women. The past i)tcp. of this verb is either ' borne' or ' born ' (rarely ' hore'), and these forms were at first used indiscriminately for all the senses of the verb. About 1G60 ' borne' was generally abandoned, and ' born ' retained in all senses. But about 1775 'borne' was re-estab- lished and used for all the senses of tlie verb but one, ' born ' being restricted to ' brought into tlie ■world.' And ' bom ' is even in that restricted sense confined to the jiassive voice and a kind of neuter signification ; it is not used when the mother is spoken of.
' Borne' was the invariable spelling of 1611, but later edd. and printers introduced ' liorn ' wherever the meaning is ' brought forth.' RV has carefully restored 'borne' wherever the signification is active ; thus Gn 21' ' his son that was born unto hiiE,' AV and RV ; but 21' ' I have born him a son in his old age,' RV ' borne '. See also UoMKitoiiN.