The impression produced by the passage in Genesis is that Nineveh and the adjacent towns were founded at an age long previous to the time of Abraham. But we gather from the cuneiform inscriptions that the real founder of Nineveh was Sliulmaneser I. (n.c. 1300), and that he was the builder of C. (Kalhu), the southern suburb of the great Assyr. capital. C, after the death of its founder, seems to have been allowed to fall into neglect until the days of Assur-na?ir-pal (c. B.C. atiV), who practicallj' rebuilt it. He surrounded it with a ma.ssive wall, on the N. side of which alone are the traces of 58 towers. He erected in it beautiful temples and palaces ; by a canal he led the water of the Greater Zab into the midst of the city, and adorned its banks with lovely fruit- gardens and vineyards. But the principal buildinj; of all seems to have been his own [lalace (called the N.W. palace), the walls of which were covered with sui)erb bas-reliefs, representing the king en- gaged in his duties as priest and warrior. The remains of these splendid works of art were care- fully e.\cavat«d under the suiierintendence of Lajard, George Smith, and Kassani ; and they present to the visitor of the British Museum the most striking e.xtant memorial of the art and magnilicence of the ancient Assyr. empire. To the E. of the N.W. palace, Shalmaneser II., son and successor of Assur-na?ir-pal, built another palace, known as the central, in which was found the famous 'black obelisk,' containing the memorials of Shalmaneser, and the inscription beginning with the words that have been de- cipliered as 'tribute of Jehu son of Omri.' This was also the palace and residence of the Tiplath- pilcser of whom we read in Scripture. l>nt it was {lulled down by Esar-haddon (Ii.C. 681), who used the materials to erect his own, the S.W., palace ; an<l a fourth smaller building, on the S.E., was begun by Assur-itil-Llani, the last but one of the Assyr. kings.
A'II tlnse buildings were raised upon the huge palace-hill, a gigantic terrace made of bricks and faced with stone, 40 feet above the river bed, at tlie S.W. angle of the cit3' wall. The oM river bed must have (lowed clo.se by the W. siile of this vast structure, access to which, on the city side, was obtained by steps. The size of the terrace may be aiipreciated from the fact of the mound measuring GUU yards (N. and S.) by 400 (E. and W), while the mound at its N.W. corner forms a hill 140 feet high.
After the fall of Nineveh, we hear nothing mora
S40
CALAMOLALUS
CALF, GOLDEN CALF
of C. in history. The work of exploring its wonderful mounds, and of excavating its treasures, will always be associated with the name of the famous discoverer of the site, Sir H. Layard.
LiTBRiTORB.— Schroder, COT^; Riehm, HWE; Smith, T>B^; Sayce, UCM, aod I'atr. Pal. ; aod the art. Assyria.
H. E. Ryle.
CALAMOL&LUS (A KoXa^uXiXos, B KaXa/iUitdXos), 1 Es 5'^.— A corrupt place-name, probably due to a conglomeration of the two names Lod and Uadid in Ezr 2*' (A Ji.viSuiv, A65, 'A.5LS ; cf. Neh 7").
CALAMUS.— See Reed.
CALCOL (Sa^:). — A Judahite, a descendant of Zerali (1 Ch 2"), otherwise described in 1 K4*' (where AV has Chalcol) as a son of Mahol, famous for wisdom, but surpassed by Solomon.
CALDRON See Food.
CALEB (3^5, XaX^/3) is one of the numerous words in OT which are used both as the name of an individual and the eponym of a family or clan Ace. to the narrative of Nu 13. 14, C. was (alike in JE and P) one of the men sent by Moses to ' spy out ' the land ; in JE he is the only one of the spies who dissents from the opinion that the Canaanites were too strong to be conquered ; and to him alone is exemption granted from the sentence of exclusion from the Promised Land (N\i 14"). In P, Joshua is also named as one of the spies ; both are equally faithful, and both have
S raise and promises bestowed upon them (Nu H'"). E's narrntive, which is the older, is followed in Dt 122-s«- 39'. and Jos 14 «"" (where the words 'and concerning thee' [v.*] seem to be an editorial addition). In the last-named passage, C. at the age of ^-5 claims from Joshua the fulfilment of the promise of Nu 14^, and, in answer to his applicaui>n, has Hebron and the neighbouring hill- country assigned to him, ' because that he wholly followed the Lord the God of Israel.'
The chief interest of the name C. centres, how- ever, in its use as the eponym of the great family of the Kalibbites (Calebites). The latter name is most probably to be explained as an instance of totemism. TTie Kalibbites were a do":-tribe (3^3 = dog). WTiile the K. became eventually one of the most important constituents of the tribe of Judah, C. is truly represented in 1 S 25' (Nabal of the house of C.) 30'* (the Negeb of C.) as distinct from Judah. On the other hand, the Clironicler traces C.'s descent to the patriarch Judah (1 Ch 2'- 6.9.189.4211.)^ and makes Jerahraeel his elder brother. The difference between the original and the ultimate relation of C. to Judah explains thesi' divergent accounts of C.'s descent, which are fouml in dillercnt documents belonging to dill'erent periods and dominated by different motives. While, as we have seen, the Chronicler makes him a descendant of Judah, he is called by JE, the Keuizzite (Nu 32'-, Jos 14*- '*), or son of Kenaz, like Othnicl his younger brother (Jos 15", Jg 1" 3'- "). This Kenaz appears in Gn 30*'- " among the tribes of Ivioni, and in v." is expressly designated the grandson ol Esau. l'"or probable explanation of Caleb-ephratah 1 Ch 2-*, see GENEALOGY.