LrriRATURR. — I.ighlfoot, PhUippiant, n. on 'Cassar's HouM. hold' ; Conybearo and Howson, St. Faul, ch. xxvi. ; Kanuiay, St. Paul th» Trav. p. 863 : Wcizsackcr, Avott. Age (Eng tr.'), U 132. W. V. AdENE\-.
C;ESAREA (Kai<rapf/o), Ac 10'" 21» 2.3=>- ».— The city N. of .lall'a, on the seashore, orig. called Strato's Tower, rebuilt by Herod the Great, the capital of Judaa under the Procurators, and where St. Paul was imprisoned. It was famous for its port, which Josephus compares with the Pira'us, though the latter was very much larger [Ant. XV. ix. 0). The present ruins uulude the walls of the ancient city, aii<l within tlicm tliose of a much smaller town OI the twelfth cent., with walls rebuilt in the thirteenth by St. Louis. The cathedral, of whicli
vol.. 1, — 22
only foundations remain, appears to stand on the site of the temple raised by Herod to Augustus (Jos. Ant. XV. ix. 6; Wars, I. xxi. 7). On the S., outside the mediasval town, are ruins apparently of a large theatre close to the shore. On the E. is a cursus, with a fine goal of granite, now overthrown. Two aqueducts from Carmel brought the waters of the Zerka, or Crocodile River, to the city. They are Rom. work, with round arches, running over the swamps, and a tunnel through the dill's, with rock- cut staircases descending in wells. A few Bosnian colonists have houses in the ruins. Cresarea was a bishopric from the fourth to the thirteenth cent. A.D., of which the most celebrated bishop wa* Eusebius. In NT times it had a mixed population, and conflicts between the Jews and their fellow- citizens were frequent. On the outbreak of the great war, the Jewish population was massacred (Jos. Wars, II. xviii. 1, vil. viii. 7 ; Schiirer, HJP II. i. 86 f.). It was also the scene of a Moslem massacre when taken by the Crusaders in A. D. 1101. For full account, and plans of the ruins, see SWP, vol. ii. sheet X. See also Neubauer, G6og. Talm. s.v.
C. R. CONDER.
CJESAREA PHILIPPI (Kataapela. i, <l>.X(ir7roi , 'Cassarea of Philip'). — It was so named to dis- tinguish it from Caisarea Palestina on the sea- coast. It possibly appears in the OT as Haal- gad, but its history for us begins with Herod the Great. (For suggested identification with Dan, see Smith, Hist. Geog. p. 480.)
No spot in Palestine can compare with this in romantic beauty. It stands on a triangular terrace 1150 ft. above sea-level, cut oil" from Hermon by Wady Khashabeh, and bounded on the S. by Wady Za'areh. Abundant water produces luxuriant vegetation, fertile fields stretch away to westward, while groves of stately poplars, great oaks, and lowlier evergreens surround the place with perennial charm. The fortress lOil'at es- Subcibeh, or ^al'at Bnnias, crowns the hill behind the village. A position of great antiquity and of enormous strength, its possession has always been essential to the holding of the western meadows. The old city was surrounded by a strong wall, flanked by massive towers, and protected by a ditch on the east. North of the village, in the face of a steep rock, is Maghnret lias en-Neba', ' Cave of the fountainhead.' ' Very deep and full of still water' in the days of Josephus, the crumb- ling rock has filled the cavern. The waters rise all along the base of the gravel bank in front, and, gatlicring together, rush away in arrowy streaks between banks of evergreen, under the arch of an old Roman bridge ; then, as becomes ' the de- scender' {ni!!7)i plunge down a narrow ravine, and, taking the stream from Wady Za'areh, flow on ' to join the brimming river' from Tell clIy'nH in the plain. West of the spring, on a projecting crag, IS a small shrine of JilKhuJr, that strange object of Oriental reverence identified with St. George and also with the prophet Elijah. Away to the N.E. rises the mighty i)ulk of Hermon, culminat- ing in the snowy crest full 8000 ft. above the spring.
Raalgad— the god of good fortune— gave place to the Grecian Pan. The scene of his worship at the fountain was called the Paneion (ri Wavttoti, Jos. Ant. XV. X. 3), whence the whole district took the name of Paneas, Mavtit {Ant. ibid. ). Zenodorua dying at Antioch, Augustus gave this region to Itcrod (ll.C. 211), who built hero a ti'inple of white marble in honour of his benefactor. Philip, to whom it ]ias.Mcd as part of the tctrarchy of Trachonitis, enlarged and beautified the town, and in comijli- nicni to the emperor called it Ca'snrea, adding 'of Philip,' to distinguish it from his father's town, and al.so, no doubt, to secure the memory of his own name. Its great and abiding interest, however, ii
derived from the visit of our Lord, and the amazing event witnessed bythese silent hilIs(Mt 16", MkS"'). Agrippa II. called the city Neronias (Ant. XX. ix. 4) ; and, as is proved from the city's coins, this name, with Cse&area, survived some time. Paneas then again asserts itself with Csesarea, and finally Csesarea disappears, and Paneas takes permanent possession in the Arabic form of lianiAs, for the Arabs have no p. Vespasian and his army found refreshment here before their descent on the Sea of Galilee (BJ III. ix. 7). After the destruction of Jerusalem, Titus Caesar here ' exhibited all sorts of shows,' many of the captives being destroyed by wild beasts, and others lorced to slay each other in gladiatorial displays (BJ VII. ii. 1). Later it became the seat of a bishop, under Antioch. Its bishops were present at the councils of Nicoea, A.D. 325; Chalcedon,A.D.451,etc. In the stormy history of the crusades the to^vn and castle played an im- portant part. Eusebius (bk. vi. 18) mentions aChris- tian tradition that the woman healed of an issue of blood (Lk 8^^) was a native of Bani^s, her house being shown, with statues representing the event.