J. O. F. MlTRRAV.
C. — A gymbol used in criticism of Hex. by Dillmann to signify the work of the Jahwist (J) ; bv Schultz for that of the Elobist (E). See Hexateuch.
CAB.— See Wbiohts AND MEASmiKS.
CABBON (jSaj), Jos 15".— A town of Jndah near Eglon. The name has not been recovered.
CABIN is used once in AV in the obsol. sense of a prison cell, Jer 37" ' When Jeremiah was entered Into the dungeon, and into the cabins' (nWq [all], tomething vaulted, from .njj to bend; AVrn, RV 'cells'). The word is rare in this sense, but in frequent use for a hermit's cell, as Caxton, Chron. Eng. ccliv. 329, ' They put hym in a Gabon and his chapelyne for to shryne hym.' J. HASTINGS.
Asher on the border of Zebulun. The district was ceded by Solomon to Tyre. Prob. the large village Kabul E. of Acco. See SWP, vol. i. sheet v.
C. R. CONDER.
C^SAR (Koio-op). — This name was adopted by Octavius, subsequently known as Augustus, after the death of his uncle Julius Csesar, and passed on to his successors as the official designation of the Roman emperors, until the third century A.D., when it came to be used for the junior partners in the government, in distinction from the title Augustus, which was reserved for the supreme rulers. No name was ready at hand to describe the unique office of the real autocrat in a nominal republic. While the word ' king ' was hated at Rome on account of its associations with the legendary history of the city, and despised by the victorious generals who were familiar with it as the title of defeated Oriental rulers, the fame of Julias Caesar suggested the use of his name by his heir.
The follomng Caesars fall within NT times : —
Augustus
B.C. 31-A.D.
14.
Tiberius .
.
A.D. 14-37.
Gains (Caligula)
„ 37^1.
Claudius .
,
„ 41-54.
Nero
,
„ 54-68.
Galba
•
„ 68-69.
Otho
,
.. 69.
Vitellius .
,
„ 69.
Vespasian
,
„ 69-79.
Titus
,
„ 79-81.
Domitian
.
„ 81-96.
Four of these
are
referred to in
NT,
Augustus (Lk 2'),
Tiberius (Lk 3'), Cla
udiui
CABDL (Saj), Jos 19", 1 K 9".— A town of | 25'"). The right of appeal to Caesar wu aUowe4
Til
11^ IS''), Nero (Ph 4==, 2 Ti 4'«- "). Augustus was
ruling when Jesus Christ was born, and continued
to rule until He was about eighteen years of age ;
Tiberius was emperor during the remainder of His
time of obscurity. His public ministry. His death and
resurrection. Although our Lord accepted the title
of king (Jn 18"), and admitted that He was the
Messiah (Mk 8"- •», Jn 4'»- *>), He never came into
conflict with the political claims of the ruling
Caesar. The Gospel record mentions only one
occasion on which He touched on those claims, and
on that occasion it was because they had been
forced on His notice ( Mk 12'*""). The coin for which
He then called was a denarius with the image and
legend of Tiberius upon it (see Money), and His
judgment was to the effect that the acceptance of
this coin by the Jews was a sign that thev
admitted the Roman rule over them, under wbicn
circumstances they were morally bound to render
Caesar his dues, not forgetting the dues of God. In
the Fourth Gospel the Jews threaten Pilate with
a charge of disloyalty to Caesar (Tiberius), and
describe the claims of Jesus to be a king as
amounting to sedition against Ciesar ; and the
priests, who represent the ancient aristocratic
rulers of Israel, expressly declare that they have
no king but Caesar (Jn \^^^ "). Caligula is not
referred to in the NT. His time coincides with
the early ministry of St. Paul. Aquila and
Priscilla are stated to have come from Italy to
Corinth in consequence of a decree of Claudioa
(the fourth Ctesar) banishing all Jews from Ivume
(Ac 18'. See Claudius). Since Nero was in power
when St. Paul was arrested at Jerusalem, it was to
him that the apostle, as a Roman citizen (Ac 22"- '*),
appealed from the local tribunal at Caesarea (Ao ostf-n\ - -
CESAR'S HOUSEHOLD
C/ESAREA PHILIPPI
33'.
to citizens, but not to proWncials (Pliny, Epis. x. 9(i (ft/. 97) ; Scliiirer, IIJP I. ii. p. 59 ; Jlommsen, Statttsrerht, 3rti ed. pp. 255-257 ). The Apoc. appears to contain frequent obscure allusions to the Caesars, and especially to Nero, one passage (Rev l"'") seeming to point to the first seven emperors, and in such a way as to sugi'cst that the uook must have been written under the sixth (Galba).
LiTKKATfRR. — Dion Cassius, Suetonius, Tacitus ; Capes, Tht Early Kmpire ; Slerivale, History of the Jioin<tni under the Umpire', IJuruy, IJiglort/ of Jiojne (ed. hy iliihaily); H.Schiller, Getchiehte der ruiniichen Kaiserzeit ; liertzberK, Ueschicfile det rotnitchen Kaijierreichea. W, 1, AdENEY,
CESAR'S HOUSEHOLD. — This phrase occurs with a mark of emphasis in the salutations sent from St. Paul's friends at Rome to the Church at Philippi, where we read, 'All the saints salute you, especvally they that are of CcEsar's household {iiiXiara ii ol (k TTii Kafffopos oUlas, Ph 4'-''). The dumus or
{amilia Cccsaris included the whole imperial house- lold, and extended to the attendants of the emperor in the provinces as well as at Rome. Li^htfoot gives a list of some of these, from which it is evident that the phrase contains no indication of the rank of the persons to whom it refers. They may have been courtiers of high position ; the execution of Titus Flarius Clemens, a man of consular rank and cousin to the emperor, and the banishment of his wife Flavia Domitilla, the emperor's niece, and her daughter Pontia, by iJomitian, for the vague crimes, contemtissinue inertia (Suet. c. 15), atheism (d^crfri)?), and in- clination to Jewish cu.stoms (Dion. Cass. Ixvii. 14), have suggested the probable opinion that these people were Christians. Still, most probably in the time of St. Paul the Christian members oi the iinperiiil household were slaves, or freedmen of humble position. The apostle's association with the soldiers who guarded him may have led to the intro<luction of the gospel to the palace attendants, although the statement that the prisoners were put under the Prsetorian guard (Ac 28" AV) is absent from the best MSS. The imperial house- hold must have constituted so large a proportion of the population of Rome that there is nothing sur- prismg in the fact that some of its members came into contact with Christian teachers. The interest- ing fact is that converts were won from so frightful a circle of dissoluteness as the court of Nero (Suetonius, Nero, 28, 29). The names of a number of the imperial attendants of this period having been recovered from sepulchral monuments among the columbaria in the neighbourhood of the Appian Way, Lightfoot pointed out the identity of some of these names with several that occur in the list of salutations in Ro 16, viz. Ainplias, Urbanus, Stachys, Apelles, Narcis.sus, Trj'phicna, Tryphosa, PatroDas (Patrobius), Philologus, Julia (Julius). The probability that the last chapter of Ro is really part of an Ep. to the Ephesians deprives these coincidences of^ their supposed value. Most of the names are not uncommon.