A camp was a collection of tents (.Ig 7"), or of huts or booths (1 K 20'^ KVm, Neh 8"). Camps, when large, were pitched in the plain for convenience (Jg 6**) ; when small, on hills for safety (Jg 4'-). In either case it was necessary to choose a spot within reach of water ; thus the army of the Northern Confederacy pitched 'at the waters of Merom' (Jos 11°), Gideon encamped 'beside the spring of Harod ' ( Jg 7'), Jonathan the Maccabee 'by the water of the pool Asphar' (1 Mac 9**).
For defence a position of natural strength was generally chosen, e.g. the side of a ravine or valley (cp. 1 S 14" 17^). A further defence was perhaps provided by the ^JVP ma'g&l (1 S 17-" 26' 'barri- cade ' RVra). The meaning of the word is, how- ever, not certain (see Carriage). Most authorities take it to mean a laager, i.e. a line of wagons arranged as a barricade, n)js^ 'dgAlAh being ' a wagon.' In 1 S 17-'° the LXX (A) and Aquila give aTpoyyvKwais, which probably means either a circular line of defence or a circular camp ; * Syr. has simply ' camp,' while Targ. gives as equivalent a transliteration of the Gr. word xapai>w/ia, ' palisade.' In 1 S 26' LXX (AB) gives \aiiir-fivri, a 'covered chariot ' or ' litter.'
As a precaution against surprise, a watch was set when danger was feared (Jg 7'" ; cp. Jg 8") ; but camps were usually too strongly entrenched to be openly attacked (cf. 1 S 17'' ^' ^^ forty days delay on both sides, and 1 K 20^ seven days delay).
In Nu 2 (P) a detailed account is given of the arrangement of the camp of Israel in the wilder- ness, the principle being that each tribe was grouped round a standard which had a fixed position with regard to the Tabernacle at all halts.
In the NT the stationary Roman camp (ij irapc/i- jSoXii) at Jerusalem is mentioned several times as ' the castle ' (Ac 21", etc. ). In He 13"- " the name ' camp ' is applied to the Jewish Church of the writer's own day by an easy adaptation of the language of the Hexateuch. In Kev 20', by a further adaptation, the term 'camp of the saints' is fitly applied to the Christian Church, in that it suggests the three thoughts of organisation, war- fare, and pilgrimage. \V. E. Baenes.
CAMP as a verb (mod. 'encamp') is found Ex 19=, ls29», Jer 50=», Nah 3" (Ileb. n;i5, Amer. KV 'encamp'), and 1 Mac lO^* ll'» U^, 2 Mac 13" 'he camped by Modin ' (RV ' pitched his camp ').
CAMPHIRE, teS kopher, icirpo!, Cyprus (Ca 1"), and plur. cnrj kcph&rim (Ca 4"). — The henna plant, Lawsonia alba, L., is a shrub from 6 to 10 feet high, with opposite branches, often becoming spinescent, opposite, oblanceolate to obovate leaves, and panicles of cream-coloured flowers. The Orientals are extremely fond of the odour of the henna, which to most Occidentals is heavy, mawkish, and rather stilling. They fre- quently put a .'■prig of it into their nosegays, and the women often put it in their hair, to make themselves attractive. Sonnini says that tliey put it in their bosoms for a similar reason, which
• Doughty ^TrcaxU in A rnln'a Deserta, ii. 309) notes that he once saw 'sixteen booths pitched ring-wise,' and explains the arrangement as a precaution against camel-thieves, the camels beini: placed within the rwz.
illustrates the comparison of Ca 1"- ". For it« fragrance it was cultivated with spikenard and frankincense and myrrh (Ca 4'*' ").
Henna is also extensively used in the east to stain the hands, feet, and hair. The hands and feet are stained in lines or diamonds or other figures, by passing strips of cotton cloth around lllem in such a way as to leave the lines or tigurea desired uncovered. A paste made of the powdered leaves of the henna and a little water is applied to the skin in the interstices of the bandage, and the hands tied up in a rag over night. When the paste is washed oil, an ochreous red stain is left on the parts, while the white skin occupies the spaces which were covered by the bandages. If desired, this colour can be made a deep blackish-brown by applying a mixture of lime and hartshorn over the stain left by the henna paste. Often the nails are thus blackened, while the figures on the hands and feet are left red. Brides, especially among the Moslems, are elaborately adorned in this way, as also infants and young girls. Old women often dye the hair with henna. It is some- times applied in cases of intlammation, with an idea that it disperses the congestion.
O. E. Post.
CANA (Kai-i T^5 TaXtXa/as, ' Cana of Galilee ').- This was the native place of the disciple Nathanae (Jn 21'), the scene of Christ's first miracle (Jr 2''"), where also the nobleman from Capernaum secured the healing of his son (Jn 4**). From these passages, where alone the place is mentioned in the Scriptures, we learn, regarding the site, only that it was in GalUee, on higher ground than Capernaum. Jesus went down (Kari^-r)) to Caper- naum (Jn 2"). The nobleman besought Him to come down (xarajSg). In attempting to identify the site, therefore, we have practically nothing to guide us but etymology and tradition. Josephus gives but little help, his references being evidently to other places, with perhaps one exception. He fixes his residence at Cana, a village of Galilee (Vita, 10), and afterwards (ii. 40) adds that it was in the plain of Asochis. The ancient name was probably J^kanah (n;|;), of which the Gr. (Kai/o) is as nearly as possible a transliteration, and the name would be correctly represented in the Arab. (I^dmY or Kanat, for it is spelt both ways). Again, in If ana el-Jelil the latter word is simply a trans- literation of the Heb. Galtl ('?•'?;) = Galilee, and has nothing whatever to do with the Arab. Jalil, ' great ' or ' magnificent.' It is the Arab, name for the province of Galilee to-day. Kana el-Jelil is therefore the exact Arab, equivalent of Kavo riji I'aXiXaias. This name is found attached to a con- siderable ruin on a slope of the hills north of el- Bnttiiuf, the ancient Asochis. There are many rock-hewn tombs. Several water cisterns have been found, but no spring. The Heb. name (njij, ' the place of reeds ') would be most appropriate, as overlooking the marshy plain, where reeus still are j)leutiful. It is commonly called Khirbet KCind ; but one hears also, occasionally, KCina el-Jelil on the lips of the natives. It fulfils the NT condi- tions, beinj? in Galilee, higher than Capernaum, which could be reached by road N. of the Tor'dn range, towards the Jordan Valley, without any circuit to the south.