The only serious rival to Khirbet KS.na is Kefr Ken nah, on the Tiberias road, 3J miles from Nazareth. It occupies rising ground on the southern edge of Suhl Tor'dn, the branch cut from el-Battituf, by the Tor an hills. The doubling of the medial nun is against the identification with the Gr. Kai-a. Were other ditiiculties overcome so as to make Kennnh represent the Heb. ."ijs, the name would have no appropriateness here, with neither marsh nor reeds lor miles around. This line ol
C.VXAAN, CA_XAAXITi:S
CAXAAX, CA^fAAXITES S47
inquiry leads very decidedly towards Khirbet Ifand.
Tradition yields no clear result. It is often ditlicult to get any satisfaction out of the wit- nesses : they are far from exact, and frequently contradictory. A very early tradition must have located Christ's first miracle at Khirbet Kand. Eusebius (c. 270-340) and Jerome evidently identify Cana with Kana in Asher, some 8 miles S.E. of Tyre. They could not mean Kcfr Kennah, which was not in A.iher. In favour of Khirbet J,\dn(i may also be mentioned Saewulf, 1102; Brocardius, 1183; Marinus Sanutus, 1321 ; Breydenbach, 1483 ; and Anselm, 1507. As against these, St. Paula, 383 ; St. Willibald, 720 ; Isaac Chelo, 1324 ; and Qua- resimus, ItilG. The last named mentions the tra- dition refjarding If ana only to dismiss it. His position has since been stoutly maintained by the monks of both Greek and Latin Churches. Both have considerable ecclesiastical property in Kefr Kennah, and in the Gr. church a jar is shown, said to have been used in the miracle. West of the village is a spring, whence, it is said, the water made wine was drawn. An old sarcophagus serves as drinking-trough. The balance of evidence is in favour of the northern site. Conder (Te>\t Work in Pal.) has sug;;c3ted another possible site at 'Ain ^ana, on the highway from er-Iieineh to Tabor.
W. EWING.
CANAAN, CANAANITES (lyj?, Xaviaf, Xariavot, Chanaan). — Canaan is the son of Ham, according to Gn 9^ 10", and the brother of Cush (ICthiopia), Mizraim (Egj-pt), and Put. In consequence of Hani's conduct towards Noah whendrunken, Canaan was cursed, and it was propliesied that lie should be the servant of his brethren, Shera and Japheth (Gn 9*'"-''). The passage, liowever, does not agree very well with the context, as the wrong to Noah had been committed by Ham, and not by Canaan, and it has therefore been supposed that it is taken from an ancient poem. The prophecy was fullilled when the Canaanites were con(|uered first by the Israelites, the descendants of Shem, and afterward? by the Persians, Greeks, and Romans.
The tenth chapter of Genesis is geographical rather than ethnological, and the relationship be- tween the nations and states mentioned m it denotes their geographical position, not their racial affinities. When it is said that Canaan was the brother of Cush and Mizraim, we are transported to the age of the Eighteenth and Nineteentli Egyp. Dynasties, when Palestine was a province of Egypt. The statement is not applicable to a later period, and so indicates the age to which it belongs.
The name of Canaan w derived from a root signi- fjing ' to bow down,' and (as St. Augustine noticed) means ' the lowlands ' of Palestine. Prim- arily it was applied to the coast, secondarily to the valley of the Jordan (Nu l.'l'-''). But in time it came to be extended to the whole country, includ- ing the mountainous districts occupied by the Amorites. Tlie name appears under two tonus. The shorter form is found in the (ir. XxS (Euseb. Prmp. Kvan. L 10; Hekat. Fratj. 254, ed. Kl.-iusen; Steph. Byz. p. 721), which was Hellenized into AgCnrtr, 'the manly one.' Khna or Agfinrtr was the older name of Pha;nicia, ami also the eponym- ous ancestor of the Can. and the father of Pha^nix, or Phccnix himself (Euseb. I.e.). In tlie Tel el- -Amama tablets, as woil as the lexical tablets of Nineveh, the name is sometimes written Kinakh- khi (with kh for the Can. 'Ayin), and represents the greater part of southern Pal. as far north as the frontiers of the Amorites. The longer form of the name, Canaan, is met with in the liieroglyphic texts ; Seti I. destroyed the Shasu or Bcdawin from the eastern rampart of Egy]>t ' to the land of Canaan,' and captured their fortress of * Kana'an,'
which Conder has identified with Khurbet Kan'an near Hebron. Among the geographical names enumerated by Ptolemy Auletes at Kom Umbo is that of 'Kan'an.' The name was preserved among the PlKtnicians, the original inhabitants of the sea-coast. Coins of Laodiceia on the Orontes bear the inscription, ' Laodiceia, mother (or metropolis) in Canaan ; and St. Augustine states that in his time the Carthaginian peasantry in northern Africa, if questioned in Pha.nician as to their race, answered that they were ' Chanani ' {Exp. Epist. ad Horn. 13). In some of the Tel el- Amama tablets, moreover, we find Kinakhna.
The Gr. 'i'olvi^, ' Phoenician,' is the equivalent of ' Canaanite ' ; and ^owIkt), Phcenicia, is the origi- nal Canaan on the sea-coast. In Latin the name appears as I'oenus, Punicus. "t'oii/ij in the sense of ' purple - dye ' and ' date-palm ' seems to be derived from its use as a gentUic, the one being ' the Pluenician dj'e,' the other ' the Pluenician tree ' ; the date-palm having been brought from Egj'pt to the Plicenician coast and there become naturalised. But pheenix, ' a palm,' may be the Egyptian benr, beni, just as the name of the fabulous bird phoenix is the Egyp. bennu. It is prob- able that we must seek the origin of the name ' Phainician ' in the Fenkhu of the Egj^ptian monu- ments, a name applied in a text of Tahutmes III. at Kamak to the people of Canaan (Brugsch, JEgypt- olotjie, iL p. 400). It thus corresponds exactly with the Kinakhklii of the Tel el-Amama tablets. We must suppose that the termination was im- agined to be tlie same as that of Kilix 'Cilician' and similar words, and that the name was accord- ingly identified with 0oii'(is and (polvios, and explained to signify ' red,' the Latin Pcenus being borrowed from (poiv6^.