CANAN/EAN or CANAANITE occurs in Mt 10^ and Mk 3" as a designation of Simon, one of the disciples of Jesus. The first is the correct reading, the Gr. Kava.vaio$ being the transliteration of n;ji<.s (a late Heb. derivative from xjp = ;eafoj«). It is rendered in Lk 6" and Ac 1" by tv>^urH)s (zealot). The Cananffians or Zealots were a sect founded by
Judas of Gamala, who headed the opposition to the census of Quirinius (A.D. 6 or 7). They bitterly resented the domination of Rome, and would fain have hastened by the sword the fulfilment of the Messianic hope. During the great rebellion and the siege of Jerusalem, which ended in its destruc- tion (A.D. 70), their fanaticism made them terrible opponents, not only to the Romans, but to othei factions amongst their own countrymen.
Literature.— Josephus, Wars o/ the Jevs, iv. lii. 9, v. 1, vii. vili. 1, etc. ; Schiirer, UJP i. 11. 80 f., 177, 221); Keim, Jtius <» Nazara, 1. 256 1 J. A. SELBIE.
CANDACE {KavSiK-q), queen of the ^Ethiopians, is mentioned Ac 8". Her treasurer was baptized by Philip (which see), near Gaza, on his return from Jerus., where he had gone to worship. C. seems to have been a dynastic title of the queens of .Ethiopia. Pliny says {vi. 29) ... ' regnare feminam Candacen, quod nomen multis iam atinis ad reginas transiit.' From the time of Alexander the Great the dowager queens used to reign. C. mentioned Ac 8" was probably rich, since the eunuch baptized by Philip was said to be ' over all her treasure.' (See Rawlmson, Herodotus, ii. 30 n. ; Strabo, Geogr. xvii. 1. 54; Pliny, ffNvi. 35.)
o TT Prichard
CANDLE, CANDLESTICK 1.' In AV ■ candle '
appears in nine passages of OT as the rendering of ^i nir, and in eiglit passages of NT as the rendering of \irxyoi. In the whole of these passages, with two exceptions (Jer 25'°, Zeph 1", but see marg.), RV adopts the more accurate rendering ' lamp ' (which see).
As indispensable to the furnishing of a simple ' prophet's chamber ' we find mention of a bed, a table, a stool, and a candlestick (n";u9, 2 K 4'"). The article in question, however, is rather a lamp-stand (cf. Petrie, Tell el-Hesy, p. 104), and corresponds to the NT \i'x'>ia; now rendered more correctly in the Gospels by ' stand ' (Mt 5'», Mk 4", Lk 8" 11^ in RV). In Dn 9' is mentioned the candlestick or candelabrum of Belshazzar's banqueting hall. For the golden candlestick of the tabernacle and the temple, see Tabeunacle.
2. The custom, practised from time immemorial in the East, of allowing a house lamp to bum night and day, is the source of the frequent figure by which the continually bumin" lamp pictures the continued prosperity both of the individual and of his family (see Ps 18=« i»>, ' thou wilt light my candle,' 1 K 11''). Conversely, ' to put out the candle of the wicked ' (Pr 24»', Job 18») is to make his home desolate and bring destruction on himself. This familiar metaphor is employed in the Apoc. to describe the fate with which the Church of Eijliesua was threatened : ' I will remove thy candlestick out of his place ' (Rev 2»). A. R. S. KENNEDY.
CANE.— See Reed.
CANKER.— As subst. 2 Ti 2" ' their word will e.'it as doth a c' (yiiyypaiiia., RV 'gangrene'). As verb, Ja 5' ' Your gold and silver is c""" ' (Kanbui, RV ' rusted '). The mod. spelling of the subst. is ' cancer,' which is found as early as the beg. of the 17th cent. For the verb, cf. Sbaks. Temp. IV. i. 192—
' As with age his body uglier grows, So his mind canlfers.'
See Medicine. J. Hastings.
CANKERWORM.— See Locust.
CANON.— In this article an attempt will be mnde to give a general view of the history of the idea involved in tlie application of the word Canon to Holy Scripture ; and in so doing the use both cf
CANON
CANON
34S
PO;
this and other terms to express the idea in question will be noticed. The history of the process « liereby the actual Canons of the Jewish and the Christian Scriptures were arrived at will be more fully traced under the heads Old Testament Canon and New Testament Canon.
The conception of a C. virtually existed long before this precise term was employed. We have it wherever there is the notion of a collection of writings marked off as peculiarly sacred and as having a special Divine authority. AVritiiiL'S of the past would be likely for the Crst time fully to acc^uire this position when an age bad come in which the living voice of prophecy was no longer heard. This \-iew of them would not preclude the ossibility of an addition to the number of inspired
oks at a future epoch of revelation. It is also to be observed, though to some this may at hrst si"ht seem stranpe, that a belief in a distinct class otwTitings of this kind was not incompatible with some diversity of opinion as to its extent, and with doubts on this subject in the minds even of those who were fully persuaded of the main facts. And this is true even of the time after the word C. was introduced. The idea of a C. no doubt gained to some degree in definiteness through controversies as to the writings which were to be held to form part of it. But in essence it was presupposed in those controversies ; and their chief result was ■imply to fix more clearly and firmly the limits of the Canon.