LiTBRATURR. — OoDimentariefl on the Books of Nu and Dt, especially those of Dillmann in the Kurzgef. Exerf. Handb. z. Alten Testament and Driver on Dt in the Intemat. Crit. Comin., may be consulted for further information. Trumbull's Kadesh-Bamea discusses the whole route from Ej<>-pt to Canaan, and contains a full list of ancient and modem works dealing' with the subject. See also Palmer, Desert o/ the Exodus, and Kohler, Biblische (^esehiehte A.T.S.
J. Rendel Harris and A. T. Chapman. EXODUS (n^Df nJ-Ni, or simply nto;;/ ; 'EfoJos : see Hexatkuch) is the 2n(l Book in the Hob. Canon. It is also the 2nd division of the great composite work which contains in one complex whole all that has been preserved •f old Heb. writings about the origins of the Isr. people. So much is here assumed, and, further, that it is generally possible, if not to distribute the material among four dis- tinct documents, at least to a.ssign it to one or other of four difl'ering -schools of writing, Jahwistic, Elohistiu, Deuteronomic, and Priestly (referred to as J, E, D, P),* who.se relative age is shown by
• Ji ( = J-stipplements), E« etc., denote later elements, while P8 is often us^ed for the ori(final groundwork of the I'riestly Document before enlarged by the numerous additions marked
the order of the names, the periods of the first two overlapping. For the proof of this, and for general matters of introduction, see HexatecCH.
Our aim here is to exhibit the results of such an analysis in detail, with a condensed account of the chief grounds on which it rests. For information about persons, places, things, events, institutions, laws, the student is referred to the separate articles.
The book covers the period from the death of Joseph to the erection of the Tabernacle, and is mainly historical, but contains important legisla- tive sections. It falls readily into three parts — I. Israel in Egypt ; II. From Egypt to Sinai ; III. At Sinai. The method of treatment here adopted needs little explanation. In the Summary small reference letters snow what documents contain the material next follo\ving : the sign II preceding means that the parallel is to be found in another chapter or section. The numbers refer to the chapters.
Thus, by following J, E, and P through in torn, the main contents of the documents can be sever- ally traced, and the amount of coincidence noted.
I. Israel in Egypt : 1-13".
A. Summary.
1 •"'-''Increase, and •'^"'oppression of Israel. 2 ^Birth and adoption of Moses ; ■'his violence, flight, and ■'"^marriage. 3-4 •'^Theophany and •lElPCommission of Mos. and Aar. •'^Mos. returns, and ■'convinces the people by signs. 5 •"''Free- dom claimed, bondage increased, ft-7' ■"'•"'Com- mission of Mos. and Aar. 7*-12 Eleven •'*^'' wonders — '-8-1S PJiofj becomes serpent, magicians copy ; 714-2B JEPjjiie smitten, ''magicians copy ; 8'" •""frogs, ■'magicians copy ; 8"'-" ''lice, magicians fail: 8="-'" ■'flies; 9'"' •'murrain; QS"" ''blains, magicians sutt'er ; 9"''° •"^hail ; lO''" •'^locusts ; lQ2i-2» E(larkness ; ■'banishment of Moses, who 11 •'^prophesies death of firstborn and release of Isr. 12-13" •"'Rules for Passover and Feast of Unleav. Bread ; •'death of firstborn, and •'^'"exodus of Isr.; •"'law of firstlings.
B. Analysis.
r marks editorial revision : * shows supplements from docu- ments of the same school ; ' editorial insertions and expansions; " harmonizing and other relatively later additions by ItJ", R**, and Rp ; [ 1 enclose vv. forming a displaced passage; ... show that something has dropped out; and if with [...1 that the material is found elsewhere ; a, b, etc., mark m. subdivided.
J - 6 8-12 •20b „ ...n-'23a „ (■2-4a 6 7-9a
E 1 _ ...16-20a 21f. Vl-lO... Xl' 4b 6...
P lX'7 "iSt: 23b-25
J _ 16-1819f." .l-1213-16'Jnl»-'20a 24.^26<if...)29-!i]r
E*<9b-15 ...21f.,^ ?14bl7f. 20b21-23" 27f.
P
J ^ ...S6-23^ -, 14...16-17ato«nif«... ERlab"2 4 K?l 7 16r ...17b p i^i'(^4l9^\i"\i^^^ i-is
J "Zl8 r.21a 24f. „l-» ...8-16 20-32 „l-7 is~
e7 ...20b 23 ^ y
P 19-2lta -nh '11 5-7 16-1!) 8-12
J ,, U-IU' 17f. 19-21" -lih ■24b ■2r)l>-a4 ., „la lb-3a'
V.\) 22-23a 24a •2.^'. 3,1ab" |(J
P '
J , „;il>-ll 13b 14b-16a... l.>c-19 '24-28 28f.. - 4-8 91.
E II) 12-13a 14a 16b 20-23 27 J^ J^l-o
P
pi; ph stands for the Holiness legislation of Lv 17-26 with kindred passages. R stands for one of the redactors, who (!) edited J and E into a single whole JE, in this case cited as RJ»; or (2) combined JE with D, cited as R** ; or (3) supplemented I'K and combined P with JED, and so are called ItP. In Exodus, rf course, D is not found, ai»d only here an** there traces '■f R**
EXODUS
EXODUS
807
P 1-13 14-20'
P '*<0-42" 43-50 61" It.
■it.' t," 6t.' 8-10" 11-13' 1*-16"
Note that no juissa^e has been analyzed unless there 1a nasonabte probability, usually indeed practical certainty, that It ia conipoeite ; but obviously some of tne details of divisions of vena must be rather possible than always definitely probable. The anal^'sis has, however, been carried as far as possible, as beine more helpful thus to the student. If any one will take the trouble to mark, (say) with blue, black, and red inks, the analysis on a copy of the R V or the lleb. text, and to underline the phnues, etc., referred to under iii. and iv., and then read through all the passages assi^ed to each document consecu- tively, he will Kain the best possible notion of the reality of the analysis, and tne distinct character of the documents.