GAD
GAD
about as goaded. Cf. Dryden, Virgil's Georgics, iii. —
' their stinps draw blood And drive the cattle gadding throui^li tlie wood,'
Bacon expresses the usual meaninj; of the word clearly in Essays 'Of Envy' (Cold. Treas. ed. p. 30, I. 21) — 'For Envy is a Gadding Passion, and walketh the Streets, and doth not keepe home.' With which cf. T. Adams, // Peter (on 1*), ' Man's knowledge should not be a gadding harlot, whose feet cannot keep within doors ; but a ^ood housewife to stay at home.' In AV we hnd, Jer &" ' Why gaddest thou about so much to change thy way?' (''pin-n?, lit. ' wliy goest thou?' mostly poetic in Heb., but in Aram, the usual word for 'to go away'); Sir 25-^ 'Give the water no passage ; neither a wicked woman liberty to gad abroad ' (after Vulg. veniam prodeundi, wliicli again follows the reading TrafipTjcriaf f'fASou ; B has simply dioKTiav ; XA Trapp-riffiav, whence RV ' free- dom of speech').
Gadder occurs Sir 26' ' A drunken woman and a gadder abroad causeth gi"eat anger ' (after the reading khI pein^a^, but not Vulg., which has no corresj). words, but to the Gr. [opyi) luyiX-q ^ui't) lxi0v<roi'\ adds et cuntiimdia ; RV follows Gr. ' A drunken woman causeth great Avrath '). Cf. Graf- ton, Kitir/ John, An. 13, ' In the mean while the priestes within England had prouided them a false and counterfeated prophet called Peter Wakefielde, a Yorksliiioiiian, who was a hermite, an idle gadder about, and a pratljng marchant.'
J. Hastings.
GAD (T3, SaifiSvtov, Salfjuav; Forttma; also, probably, ■•Ji 'Tvxn)- — Properly, the word should be used with the article n;n 'the gad,' i.e. 'the (god of) good luck'; that being the meaning of the word, which is apparently the same as ij gad, ' fortune,' Arab. jndd, Aram. N7? qnddd, Syr. gadd. Gad was, therefore, originally an appellative, and its use as a divine name is due to its meaning. Examples of its appellative use are .snj v-2 ' the unlucky ' (Buxtorf, 387); Nnin: 'the fortune of Athe ' (de Vogii6, Palm. 143); noyni and ijcin, etc., in Carthag. inscriptions. The god Gad as Ti'-xi?, ' Fortune,' seems to illustrate the origin of the Old Pers. word for 'God,' bnga,* which may be traced back to the Sanskrit bhaga, ' fortune,' and Baethgen quotes in this connexion the Syr. phrase 'I swear by the Fortune (xn;) of the king' (P. Smith, S.V.), ' fortune' becoming thus a protective divinity, to whom temples were built and statues erected. The worship of this divinity became greatly extended in ancient times, and numerous Gr. inscriptions in the Hauran give tlie Gr. equivalent word (liixri), the identity of which with Gad, notwithstanding the difl'erence of gender (Gad being masc, Tyche fem.), does not admit of doubt. A trace of the Syr. worship of Gad is regarded as being indicated by the exclamation of Leah when Zilpah, her maid, bore Jacob a son (Gn 30")- The expression used is iyi, which is translated in AV (following the ^lerS, i: n? ba gad) 'a troop Cometh,' or 'fortune is come.' If, how- ever, the Kethibh be followed (with pointing i:? blgad), the word may be translated ' with Gad 't (in RV ' fortunate,' m. ' with fortune '), a rendering favoured by many scholars. As the name of Gad is not met with in Bab. literature, it would seem to have been a native Can. word, retained by the Israelites in consequence of the tendency to polytheism which existed among them as late as the time of the Bab. captivity, when they ' pre-
• Also the Phrygian name of Zeus, Bccya'iot. f The Targ. ot the pseudo-Jonathan and that of Jerus. both read 'Al'"=''yP''""^' comt-th.' <Cf. also BaU's note, ad loc., in Haupt's
on
pared a table for Fortune [i:^],' and tilled up ' min;;led wine unto Destiny ['js?]' (Is 65" R\'), as did also the Babylonians and Assyrians for their gods (cf. Bel», also Jer 51").* By the astrologers Gad was identified with the planet Jupiter, called by the Arabs 'Great Fortuna,' and the question naturally arises whether tlie Ass^Tian Manu rabil,+ 'great Manu,' identified by Lenormant with Meni or 'Destiny,' may not in reality be identical with Gad, Meni being, with the Arabs, ' Lesser Fortuna.' The Assyrians also worshipped a god named ^ibf-dunki, + a n.aiue meaning ' Bespeak thou my good fortune,' with whom Gad may also have been identified. The identification of Gad with the star of good fortune (piy njta kokab zedek), the planet Jupiter, is regarded as being of late date.
Further testimony to the worship of Gad in Canaan is to be found in the place-names Baal-gad (Jos U" 12' 13'), where Baal was worshipped as god of fortune, and Migdal-gad (Jos 15"), ' tlie tower of Gad.' The Hebrews also were so accustomed to regard the worship of Gad as a natural thing, that tlie words addressed by Esau to Isaac his father, 'let my father arise' (Gn 27^'), are explained in Bcreshith, Rabba, p. 65, as an invocation to Gada or Fortune.
Literature.— Dillm., Del., and O. A. Smith on Is 65", Del. on Gn 3U11 ; Lenomiant, Chaldtean Maijic, p. 120 ; Baethgen, B'-itr. z. .Vfi/li't. liel. 70 ff. ; N61dekeini;i).WG(lSi«j),p. 4(ail. ; SiiffrioJ in Juhrb./. pyot. Theot. (1875), pp, 366-307.