gave the bridegroom when he met him (9"). Instead of this, B (so EV) says, ' Tobias blessed his wife,' and Heb. Fag. ' Tobias was blessed still more, with Sarah his wife.'
Heb. Fag. uses the form '7S'3y, except in ch. 10, where we have Sn3j, as always in Munster's Heb. Itala preserves the form most accurately, ' Gabahel, ' '?i<nj3='God is high.' J. T. AIarshall.
GABATHA {Tardea). — One of two eunucha whose plot against Artaxerxes (the Ahasuerus, i.e. Xerxes of canonical Est) was discovered and frustrated by Mardoclieus (Mordecai), Ad. Est 12'. In Est 2-' he is called Bigthan and in 6- BlOTHANA.
GABBAI ('35, cf. Talm. 'JJ ' tax-gatherer').— A Benjamite (Neh 11*), but text doubtful (see Smend, Listen, p. 7).
GABBATHA occurs only in Jn 19" 'And he [Pilate] brought Jesus out and sat down (iKd$iaev, not — according to Justin, Apol. i. 35, and the Gos- pel of Peter, iKadtaav airrbv itri Kadiopa-v Kpiaews — ' set him ') on the judgment-seat at a place called the Pavement {Aidia-TpuToi'), but in Hebrew Gabbatha' CE0pai(TTi Si TajSiiaed).
■The passage oilers serious philological and topo- graphical ditliculties.
(a) AiOuaTpuiToi' is clearly ' pavement,' especially of mosaic work (tessellatum) ; cf. in tlie OT, Est 1«, Ca 3'", 2 Ch 1^ but especially Aristeas (ed. Schmidt, p. 30, 3), where on the temple of Jeru- salem it is said : T6 5^ trav Ha^os Xtddarpwroi' KaBlffTTjKe.
(b) This particular Pavement was called in Hebrew 'Gabbatha.' It is not necessary or pos- sible, tho\igh it is generally attempted, to seek in Gabbatha tlie exact equivalent of the appellativK m Xidiarpurro:' (Onomastica sacra, ed. Lag. 189, 87. 202, 62, ra/J^afld XMiTTpuiTov).
(c) The Greek MSS oiler scarcely any variety ; some uncials have Ta/Jaffa ; so also the Harclensian VS in the edition of White ; but according to Bar- hebrajus it had Kntcn-^i ; a few minuscules have Ka-Ktf^Ba. Interesting in this connexion is the spelling of the Peshitta, kos'?^, with the remark of Barhebrieus, that the J is to be pronounced hard like 3 and the a both times soft (cf. Duval, Gr. Syr. p. 30); the Cureton and Lewis MSS are unhappily defective, but the Arabic Tatian has U.;;j>ii KafiftA (thus cod. A, the text of CiasCA
Lvjo.^ ; in the translation Ciasca and Hogg re- tained Gabbatha). The Evangeliarium Hiero- solymitanum shows unn-j, but codex C (in the forthcoming edition of Mrs. Lewis) anii. On the deformations of the word in the MSS of the Latin Bible, see Wordsworth - White. The confusion with Golgotha (first hand of cod. Sinaiticus) ia found elsewhere (Oliverus, Descriptio terrmsanctm, p. 2U, 9, codd. DX Golgatha, U Grabata).
In this state of the evidence it is safest to pre suppose an Aramaic «!'??> as st. emph. of afeminin* noun N|3 from the root 33J. But the origin and meaning of Nnnj is disputed.
1. In Mt 26=^ we (ind .xn^j in the Evang. llir'
GABBE
GAD
75
ioT Tpi't^\iov ; cf. Hihiopii: rjn!j{b)ifd=pr(trUa, Dillm. Lex. 1168, and hatin f/nhntn. Martial, 7. 47, 11. 3. Schwally (Idioticun) identilied this with our Gab- batha. Rut this Nrni seems to be a dialectic form of uns; (fem. of 13), TJiesaur. Syr. 1791 ; cf. kjisjs and K-D?3, ib. 766, 1792.
2. Neither can it be = K^53 (Kns's) ' vault,* Ka/ndpa, ^i^Spa, ^a\ls (Vogui, Inscr. S(mit. i. p. 50, n. 70, ib. n. 50 ; Targ. Jer. xx. 2, 3, Naz. 56"), because of the vowel i in the first syllable, though the mean- ir.g would be very apjiropriate : an arch, niche, or cupola, under which the tribunal was placed on a mosaic pavement.
3. Generally it is derived from 33 ' back ' ; but neither for the form nor for the meaning (Anhohe, 'height'; Kautzsch, Gramm. des Bibl. Aram. p. 10) can examples be given. In the OT we have |inj3 ; in the Jlislma the plural ni-3 ; for tcii'i Targ. Ps 6S'°, Lagarde printed n3:'3 ; Levy, p. 123, has NJ3'3 ; Gesen. r. 98, 90" we have 's'nt Nn33'3 cn.T ; more frequent is xnanu, Dalman, Gr. des Arnm. § 25. i. /3, where also an example of spelling with £3 is given.
4. Others thought of the root 1'33, i.e. of an Aramaized *Nni'33 'hill' (comp. n-:c' = .lycr, n^p if = •ni'ac'). (The roots 33, 13, and id are closely allied ;
cf. further [33 Lv 21^ = |.2Ij_210 ; |_2lj_2lD is ex- plained cat'erna by Barsalibi; I f\ g^ . ^'~\ (^.[.liD, spelunca foi-nicata, Julian, ed. HoH'm. 139. 21). The exact form and meaning must therefore be left in suspense.
(d) No place called AiddcrTpuTov or Gabbatha is mentioned by Josephus, or in any other known source besides the NT. But frequently we hear of a [dace called n-u ( =!i!i;ffTus), especially of the nsfS n'i;n 'the hall of hewn quaders,' where the San- heiirin assembled (Schiirer, HJP 11. i. 190). It has been attempted to identify these two places. Tradition seeks Gabbatha near the so - called ' Ecce homo Arch.' Compare the articles Jeru- s.\LEM, Pilate, Pr.etorium, Temple. For the sitting of the judge on the sella, see Schiirer, I. ii. 15 n. 8, and the literature there quoted, especially Josephus, Ant. xvill. iv. 6, where Philippus is praised : toO Bpbvov eh 6v Kpiveie KaSe- ^ufjL€voi iv rats odoh iirofiivov . . . iK tqv d^ios iSpOffews Tov 0p6vov ^ Kal Tvxoi yevoji^VT}^ KaBe^Sfievo^ i^Kpoaro.