documqu^ auxilia (Ann. xv. 6); and S3mceUu8, depending on an older authority, after mentioning the province Galatia, saye that Augustus imposed taxes on the G., obviously meaning the whole people of the province.
* From this point of view, the composition of Gal should be pla*^ after the trial before Gallio, rather than (as Zahn, £^171- teitunn. i 12, puts it) before that event : perhaps at Antioch (Ac IS'22).
t See Zfths, Einleitung, | 11, A 4 (St. faui the Trav. p. 130fr.>.
their city. The provincials, with Oriental facility, adopted the Roman ideas and titles, and luarnod to contenm tlie uneducated barbarians outside the pale of the empire, to pride themselves on being civilized and Romanized, and to adopt as marks of honour Roman names : thus the four Paulino Churches were at Claudio-Derbe, Colonia Julia Felix Gemina Lystra (sometimes with exaggerated Roman feeling. Lustra), Claudio- Iconium,* and Colonia Cfesareia Antiochia, To cities w hich w ere proud of titles like these, it is surely beyond dispute that the national names, Phrygian or Lycaonian or Pisidian, were far less honourable than the proWncial title. Among tlie Romans a national designation, Phryx, Ater, Syrus, etc., was a slave's name ; and among both Greeks and Romans the Phrygians were known as a race of slaves.t The Roman Empire, moreover, wliit'li brought peace and fair government after centuries of war and oppression, was immensely popular in the Asiatic provinces.
Accordingly, tlie possibility that St. Paul shouW address a group of Christians in two Koinan colonies and two half-Romanized cities of the pniviiice Galatia as ' Galatians,' must be admitted. Whether he actually did so, is a matter of interpretation of Gal and Acts.
The general type of religion and manners among the population of the Phrygian and Lycaonian cities seems to have been much the same : it was found also in the great North-Galatian cities like Ancyra and Pessinus (see Galatia I.); and the GentUes addressed in Gal, Eph, Col are of that type. A highly elaborate religious system reigned over the country. Superstitious devotion to an artificial system of rules, and implicit obedi- ence to the directions of the priests (cf. Gal 4'"'*), were universal among the uneducated native population. The priestly hierarchy at the great religious centres, hiera, expounded the will of the god to his worshippers. t Thus the government was a theocracy ; and the whole system, with its prophets,priests, religious law, punishments inflicted by the god for infractions of the ceremonial law, warnings and threats, and the set of superstitious minutife, presented a remarkable and real resem- blance in external type to the old Jewish ceremonial and religious rule. It is not until this is properly apprehended that Gal 4*-" becomes clear and natural Paul in that passage implies that the Judaizing movement of the Christian Galatians is a recurrence to their old heathen type. After being set free from the bonds of a hard ceremonial law, they were putting themselves once more into the bonds of another ceremonial law, equally hard. In their action they were showing themselves senseless (afdrjToi, Gal 3'), devoid of the educated mind that could perceive the real nature of things. There is an mtentional emphasis in the juxtaposition of ivbrirroi with TaXdrai, for it was the more educated party, opposed to the native superstition, that would most warmly welcome the provincial title ; hence the address, 'senseless G.,' already anticipates the longer expostulation (4'-"), 'G. who are sinking from the educated standard to the ignorance and superstition of tlie native religion.'
Further, the great strength of the Jews in the cities of South Galatia and South Phrj-gia had produced a peculiar mixed type of religion. The Phrygian religion of Sabazios formed the founda- tion on which this mixed type was built up.
• Created a colonia by Hadrian ; older authorities say it waa made a colonia by Claudius, and Zahn (Einleitung, p. 130) wrongly follows them.
t As Mommsen points out, the national designation as Lycaonian or Phrygian was the servile designation applif.-d to slaves, horses, and marines (classiarix), who were originallj servile (Uermfs, 1S84, p. 33flf.).
J Cities and Bishoprics 0) Phrygia, L 134 £f., 147 fl., 94 fl., eta
GALATIANS, EPISTLE TO THE
GALATIANS, EPISTLE TO THE 93
Babazios was identified with the Jewish Sabaoth ; and the Most High God (^eAs C^io-ros) was adored in a form strongly influenced by Jewish elements, but j'et in many cases indubitablj- pagan. Purely Jewish references to the Bubi li\{/i<TTOi also occur, and are to be distinguished from the mixed worship. Considerable sections of the Phrygian people, especially in the centre and south, were affected by the semi-Jewish, semi-pagan cult ; and, as M. Cumont obseri'es in his admirable paper, Hijpslstos {SuppKinent a la Jievve de Vinstruction pulA. en Belg. 1897): 'ces milieux, tout penetres d'id6es bibliques sans etre 6troitement attaches k la loi judaique, constituaient un terrain f^cond pour la predication chr^tienne, et Ton s'explique mit'ux, en tenant compte de cette situation, que la fui nouvelle, ait oper6 plus de conversions en Asie Mineure, que dans toute autre region.' The remark which M. Cumont makes about Asia Minor in general applies with most force to those districts wliere the Jews were specially strong. See also Cities and Bishoprics of Phrygia, i. pp. 667-676, also pp. 3SS, 533, 538, 566, etc. ; Schurer in Theol. Littztg. 1S97, p. 506. W. M. Ramsay.