III. Gitlbrd {Expositor, July 1894, p. 12) accepts Lightfoot's construction, but interprets ' the border- lands of Phrygia and Galatia.' Then Ac 18^ men- tions ' the Galatic Province (Region) and Phrygia.' This view has much to recommend it. It gives in ICa route leading direct from Iconium by Dorylaion
• So sometimes with y^ Atixmytxri or x^P"^ A. But in such cases a purpose can often be detected. Aristophanes stands alone in using AjrwriHeci as * I^conian women' ; but that was nndoubtedly an Athenian slang term, perhaps in the sense of •women of Laconian tjTJe ' (of. A««4Bj«a, shoes of Laconian style). Such usai,^e3 as *roXif r«XaT<cr, city belonging to the VecXureci, i.e. Galatian city, xoXtuix Qtre-Tckixo;, war in which the Thessali take one side, are of a different class.
1 An exactly equivalent form is used by Ptolemy^ iv. 5, 'IXpxy-XiaiTmav ffTetjujt TO xcc't Kx.*ui3ixcy (_oli the sense of T« «cu' in names, see Ramsay, Cities and Bishoprics, i. p. 637 f.).
tin Greek, esp. of later period, xa. often means * or,' Thuc. vi, 60, 1; u. 35. 2 ; 42, 3; Ar. Mi/. 256 (Xeil); Aesch. Sept. 414 (., 105S ; Eur. Supp. 895 ; Iph. Aut. 643 ; Pint. Q. Cone. iv. 2, 655c ; Postgate on Propert. v. (1, 61. The Roman sive is often used to connect alternative names, where the Greek form is either t xai or i^ix^f.^Cug^o; ; see ^tarquardt, Jiow. Privatalterth.^ p. 27 ; Cagnat, Mantlet d'EpigraphU Lat.^ p. 61.
to Bithynia, making St. Paul turn direct towards that country when forbidden to preach in Asia; then, when he came to Dorjlaion over-against Mj'sia," he was forbidden to cross the liilhynian frontier, aiul turned west. It then becomes, however, almost necessary to suppose that the prohibition 16' was given in Iconium or Lystra, and that St. Paul, abandoning his previous intention (15^") of going over all the Churches, omitted Antioch. Salmon interprets much in tliis w,ay, but is clear that Paul went to Antioch, and translates Ac 16" as in next section, IV. (Smith's iii6. Dirt.'' i. p. 1105).
IV. Another explanation takes us into the obscure minutiae of the Galatic Province. The various parts of the province retained a certain distinction (see Galatia II.), and were probably termed Recjioncs or X"P<"- Ibe term Regio occurs in one inscription, mentioning a centurion charged with duty in the Rcgio of which Antioch was centre, i.e. Phrygia Galatica,t while X'^P"- 's understood in Strabo, pp. 568, 569, 17 'XaavpiKTi (xupa), and in Ptolemy, v. 6, 17, 17 'Avnoxt'ocr) (xwpa).J:
The route taken by St. Paul in Ac IB'-' and 18-* led across two of the regions (x^pai) of the Galatic Province, viz. the Galatic part of Lycaonia and the Galatic part of Phrygia ; the former contained Derbe and Lystra, the latter Iconium and Antioch. In 18'^ two regions are mentioned, ttj^ TaXariKiiv Xcipav Kal 'i'pvyiav : here it is grammatically equally possible to take ^puyiav as noun and as adj.; for when two ditterent names, expressed by two adjs. agreeing with the same noun, are coupled by (cai, the regular usage is to express the noun onl3' with the tirst (so in Strabo,§ tV 'AKviTap'rii/ fiepioa Kal TTjv "Sap'^ijovlTtv, p. 191 ; t6 ^lecOTjdtoi' arbp-a Kal rh laviriKbv, p. 802 ; tou Alyaiov TreXdyovs Kal lou lla/i<pv\iKov Kal Tov 'IffffiKoi, p. 121 ; in Epiphanius {H(Bres. 19), r^s Na/SariK^s x^P^^ '^°-^ 'Irocpatas Kal ilua^irido! Kal' Apt]\lTidos ; and others innumerable II). The two regions intended ought to be the X'^P" AvKaovla and the X'^P" 'tpiO''"- Now, Roman Lycaonia was naturally always designated with reference to the other half, non-Roman Lycaonia. One pair of terms would be Lycaonia Antiochiana (found OIL X. 8660) and Lycaonia Galatica (not actually found, but it may be assumed conhdently on the analogy of Pontus Galaticus, Phrygia Galatica) ; another pair of terms would be 'Ai/n- oxiavij (xttipa) as in Ptolemy, and TaXariKT} x^P^ ^^ in Ac 18'^^. The latter pair would be naturally used by a person speaking inside the country and not requiring to name it,t the former by a person outside the country. The Phrygian region of the Galatic Province was called 4'pvyla x<ipa by St. Luke, who seems to have always used this form of desig- nating the various regions of the pro\'ince (but those who prefer to treat '^pvyla as a noun in 18^ may take the same sense from the noun as from
• »«T« as in Ac 277 ; Thuc. vi. 65 and 104 ; Herod, i. 79.
t ixxTovTtipxvf pvyimupioy, Sterrett, Epiffraphic Journey, No. 92, who wrongly alters to (A](y. ; Prof. O. Hirschfeld accepts the reading given al>ove (and in the copy), see Berlin Akad. Sitzungsber. 1893, p. 421.
I In that passage the two parts of Lycaonia (Galatica and Antiochiana) are opposed to each other under the names Lycaonia and Antiochiana ; they retained distinct names in the 2nd century, but eWdently great variety existed in the way of designating them, and Ptolemy selects an ill-fitting pair of names.
§ Strabo, who very rarely uses the common article to hold two nouns together (an exaniple, however, in p. 38S), repeats the article with the second member.
II Strabo has two other forms, much rarer, we/Towf to» ti *A3^iaT(«» Ktti Tov Tiippy.viKcy^ p. 92 ; to K^Ti«fl» xtti lixtXtxit xati 2xfiiiiov vi\a.yoi ^afioc iiTTi, p. 59. In the latter nlass we can usually see the intention to treat the whole as a unity made up of several parts ; and the example quoted is so harsh as to be suspicious in text (if correct, the grammar is much worse than Strabo's average).