\ The author of Ac 1821 speaks from the point of view of I person in the country, placing himself alongside of St. Paul.
GALATIANS
galatia:jjs
91
"tpiryJa with x"pi understood, for in the inscrip- tions of Antioch the noun is often used to desig- nate Galatic Phrygia [C'lL iii. Supiil. 6818, 681'J], and St. Luke may be allowed to speak as the people of Antioch wrote). Ac 18^, then, implies ' he made a mission tour * through the Galatic region (Derbe and Lystra) and the Phrygian (Iconium and Antioch), stablishing all the dis- ciples (in all the Galatian Churches).' t
Ac IG'' is more complicated. It describes the journey from Lystra onwards, i.e. througli Galatic Phrygia. Had the expression been rijv <tpvyiai/ xwpaf, tliere would have been less doubt ; but the autlior, wishing to bring out with minute accuracy that his meaning was restricted to the Galatic part of the large country of Phi-j-gia, added a second adjective to express ' the Region tliat is Phrygian and Galatic,' i.e. ' which was geograi)hically Plirygia, but politically Galatia.' J The verse, then, implies 'they made a mission tour* tlirough the Phrj'go-Galatic Region (Iconium and Antioch), [but no farther], because they were forbidden to speak the word in Asia (which they entered immediately on going onward from Antioch).'
It is objected that this view is too complicated and artificial ; but the complicacy arises from our being forced to write a lost page of history con- cerning an obscure comer of the empire, before we can interpret the language of an author who assumes tliat we are as familiar as he was witli the terminology of his own time. Asterius, bishop of Amasia in Pontus Galaticus 4UU A.D., under- stood IS'^ exactly in this way, for in paraphrasing it he uses the words, ttj** A.vKaoviav Kai i-ds ttjs 'i'pirflas TToXcis (Horn, viii., Migne, Patnilvfi. Grmc. vol. xl.). This testimony of a man familiar with the topography of Asia Minor should have great weight ; and Zahn is not justitied in setting it aside as a false inference, into which Asterius was betrayed by taking Antioch in Ac 18-" as Pisidian Antioch. Asterius places the journey through Lycaonia and Phrygia immediately before the visit to Asia (Ac 19'), and therefore evidently understood ttjv TaKariKriv x^P^^ '^°-^ 'i'pvyiav in that sense. No mere error about Antioch explains such a rendering of 18^. We have here a distinct testi- mony by an ancient authority in favour of the view stated in this section. W. M. Ramsay.
GALATIANS (raXdra.), used only in Gal 3'.
I. According to the majority of scholars, it denotes the people of Galatia Proper, a mixed population, consisting of a minority descended from the three Gaulish tribes, and a large majority of the ancient
Sopulation, Phrygians west ot the Ilalys, Cappa- ocians east of tliat river, with an intermixture of Greeks, Romans, and Jews. In the great cities, such as Ancyra, the Phrygians, etc., probably con- stituted the ovenvhelming majoritj', while Gauls were found there only as a small aristocratic caste ; but in country parts tlie Gauls were more numerous. Tliat is tlie usual sense of tlie term G., and needs no [jioof. On tlie character of these Gauls, their position as a small conquering caste of barbarians among a more numerous and more educated population, and their relation to that older popula- tion, see Galatia I.
The general population of North Galatia was summed up as Gcilatai in ordinary anci(;iit usage. But this term had no ethnological implication ; it did not mean that the people so designated were
* On this sense of imXOi,, see Erpngitar, May lSn5, p. S85 ff.
t Such is ttie reading' of RV, Tisctientlorf. Westoott and Hort, etc. Jiul prolmhly I.iuiilfoot was ri^'iit (llUdiatl Ksnayn, p. 236), that the TU ami AV represent the correct reading here.
I This cannot Justly be interpreted as deserihini; any other country than tlie reirion of Antioch, AjHiIIonin, and Iconium ; but.SalTiion, while translating; hy these words, interi'reta theuas deacribiBg port ot Uoliktia Proper (Smith, DB p. 11U5).
all of Gallic descent, for it is doubtful w nether so much as five per cent, of the total population was of Gallic origin, and it is practically certain that, in the great cities, an even smaller proportion of the population was of Gallic descent.^ The name Galatai meant really no more than 'people of Galatia,' though the usual etlinological fiction crept in, and Phrygians and Greeks were feigned to be of tlie three tribes, just as the composite province Asia was called an levo^ (see p. 87''). It is quite unjustifiable to suppose that the Churches addressed by St. Paul, even if they were situated in North-Galatian cities, consisted of persons of Gallic blood to any important extent: the proba- bility is that such Galatian Christians would be to a very large extent free from any mixture of (Jallic blood. Only in that form of tlie North-Galatian theory which is advocated by Dr. Zockler is it admissible to suppose that the Christian Galatians were to some extent Gauls (.see p. 81, 84 f.). The historical review given under Galatia, and the authorities quoted there, furnish the proof of the statements here made.
The origin of the peculiar Greek word VoKiTrii is doubtful; it probably arose among the (Jreck settlers on the Gallic coast at Massalia or Massilia, and means, according to Holder {Sprac/i.ichiitz), ' noble,' while Galli means ' warlike.' Three terras occur in Greek writers, and it was only at a latel period and in a half-hearted way that a distinction was drawn between TaXdroi as tlie people of Galatia in Asia, FoXXot as the people ot Gaul or France, and K^Xrai as the generic name of all cognate tribes whether found in these two coun- tries or elsewhere ; the last of these distinctions, which is universal among modem writers, can hardly be traced, even in embryo, among the ancients (though the use of KeXruds in Strab. vii. 5. 2, p. 314, approximates to it) ; but the Romans began sooner to appreciate the convenience of tho distinction between Galli and GalnttE in political usage, and the geographers adopted it from them by degrees (traces of it appear in Strabo).